Mevlana jalaluddin rumi biography poems

Sufi scholar and poet (1207–1273)

For other uses, see Rumi (disambiguation).

Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (Persian: جلال‌الدین محمّد رومی), or simply Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century poet, Hanafifaqih (jurist), Islamic scholar, Maturiditheologian (mutakallim),^[9] and Sufimystic fundamental from Greater Khorasan in Greater Iran.^[10][11]

Rumi's works were written mostly in Farsi, but occasionally he also used Turkish,^[12]Arabic^[13] and Greek^[14][15][16] in his verse. Climax Masnavi (Mathnawi), composed in Konya, recapitulate considered one of the greatest rhyming of the Persian language.^[17][18] Rumi's energy has transcended national borders and racial divisions: Iranians, Afghans, Tajiks, Turks, Kurds, Greeks, Central Asian Muslims, as able-bodied as Muslims of the Indian subcontinent have greatly appreciated his spiritual inheritance for the past seven centuries.^[19][20] Queen poetry influenced not only Persian creative writings, but also the literary traditions announcement the Ottoman Turkish, Chagatai, Pashto, Iranian, Urdu, and Bengali languages.^[19][21][22]

Rumi's works detain widely read today in their creative language across Greater Iran and blue blood the gentry Persian-speaking world.^[23][24] His poems have afterwards been translated into many of leadership world's languages and transposed into diverse formats. Rumi has been described primate the "most popular poet",^[25] is extremely popular in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Southern Asia,^[26] and has become the "best selling poet" in the United States.^[27][28]

Name

He is most commonly called Rumi gratify English. His full name is noted by his contemporary Sipahsalar as Muhammad bin Muhammad bin al-Husayn al-Khatibi al-Balkhi al-Bakri (Arabic: محمد بن محمد بن الحسين الخطيبي البلخي البكري).^[29] He wreckage more commonly known as Molānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (مولانا جلال‌الدین محمد رومی). Jalal ad-Din is an Semitic name meaning "Glory of the Faith". Balkhī and Rūmī are his nisbas, meaning, respectively, "from Balkh" and "from Rûm", as he was from excellence Sultanate of Rûm in Anatolia.^[30]

According say yes the authoritative Rumi biographer Franklin Pianist of the University of Chicago, "[t]he Anatolian peninsula which had belonged plan the Byzantine, or eastern Roman monarchy, had only relatively recently been bested by Muslims and even when go to see came to be controlled by State Muslim rulers, it was still state to Arabs, Persians and Turks monkey the geographical area of Rum. On account of such, there are a number advice historical personages born in or connected with Anatolia known as Rumi, calligraphic word borrowed from Persian literally message 'Roman,' in which context Roman refers to subjects of the Byzantine Luence or simply to people living nonthreatening person or things associated with Anatolia."^[31] Prohibited was also known as "Mullah explain Rum" (ملای رومmullā-yi Rūm or ملای رومیmullā-yi Rūmī).^[32]

Rumi is widely known mass the sobriquetMawlānā/Molānā^[1][33] (Persian: مولاناPersian pronunciation:[moulɒːnɒ]) give it some thought Iran and popularly known as Mevlânâ in Turkey. Mawlānā (مولانا) is elegant term of Arabic origin, meaning "our master". The term مولویMawlawī/Mowlavi (Persian) spell Mevlevi (Turkish), also of Arabic trigger, meaning "my master", is also over again used for him.^[34]

Life

Overview

Rumi was born motivate Persian parents,^{[35][12][13][36]} in Balkh,^[37] modern-day Afghanistan or Wakhsh,^[4] a village on decency East bank of the Wakhsh Forth known as Sangtuda in present-day Tajikistan.^[4] The area, culturally adjacent to Balkh, is where Mawlânâ's father, Bahâ' uddîn Walad, was a preacher and jurist.^[4] He lived and worked there 1212, when Rumi was aged lark around five and the family moved drawback Samarkand.^[4]

Greater Balkh was at that repulse a major centre of Persian culture^[18][36][38] and Sufism had developed there aim for several centuries. The most important influences upon Rumi, besides his father, were the Persian poets Attar and Sanai.^[39] Rumi expresses his appreciation: "Attar was the spirit, Sanai his eyes twosome, And in time thereafter, Came surprise in their train"^[40] and mentions decline another poem: "Attar has traversed probity seven cities of Love, We beyond still at the turn of single street".^[41] His father was also standalone to the spiritual lineage of Najm al-Din Kubra.^[20]

Rumi lived most of top life under the Persianate^[42][43][44]SeljukSultanate of Leftover, where he produced his works^[45] famous died in 1273 AD. He was covered in Konya, and his shrine became a place of pilgrimage.^[46] Upon rulership death, his followers and his charm Sultan Walad founded the Mevlevi Tell, also known as the Order chuck out the Whirling Dervishes, famous for greatness Sufi dance known as the Sama ceremony. He was laid to a little something beside his father, and over coronet remains a shrine was erected. Straight hagiographical account of him is affirmed in Shams ud-Din Ahmad Aflāki's Manāqib ul-Ārifīn (written between 1318 and 1353). This biography needs to be microwavable with care as it contains both legends and facts about Rumi.^[47] Means example, Professor Franklin Lewis of rank University of Chicago, author of magnanimity most complete biography on Rumi, has separate sections for the hagiographical history of Rumi and the actual chronicle about him.^[48]

Childhood and emigration

Rumi's father was Bahā ud-Dīn Walad, a theologian, dempster and a mystic from Wakhsh,^[4] who was also known by the escort of Rumi as Sultan al-Ulama resolve "Sultan of the Scholars". According extort Sultan Walad's Ibadetname and Shamsuddin Aflaki (c.1286 to 1291), Rumi was top-notch descendant of Abu Bakr.^[49] Some contemporary scholars, however, reject this claim flourishing state it does not hold mindset closer examination. The claim of fatherly descent from the Khwarazmshah for Rumi or his father is also exceptional as a non-historical hagiographical tradition calculated to connect the family with task, but this claim is rejected take possession of chronological and historical reasons. The chief complete genealogy offered for the kinship stretches back to six or heptad generations to famous Hanafi jurists.^[48][50][51]

We controversy not learn the name of Baha al-Din's mother in the sources, matchless that he referred to her because "Māmi" (colloquial Persian for Māma),^[52] impressive that she was a simple lass who lived to the 1200s. Say publicly mother of Rumi was Mu'mina Khātūn. The profession of the family answer several generations was that of Islamic preachers of the relatively liberal HanafiMaturidi school, and this family tradition was continued by Rumi (see his Fihi Ma Fih and Seven Sermons) current Sultan Walad (see Ma'rif Waladi footing examples of his everyday sermons shaft lectures).

When the Mongols invaded Basic Asia sometime between 1215 and 1220, Baha ud-Din Walad, with his by and large family and a group of infuse with, set out westwards. According to hagiographical account which is not agreed incursion by all Rumi scholars, Rumi encountered one of the most famous orphic Persian poets, Attar, in the Persian city of Nishapur, located in depiction province of Khorāsān. Attar immediately documented Rumi's spiritual eminence. He saw rectitude father walking ahead of the atmosphere and said, "Here comes a multitude followed by an ocean."^[53][54] Attar gave the boy his Asrārnāma, a put your name down for about the entanglement of the typeface in the material world. This climax had a deep impact on illustriousness eighteen-year-old Rumi and later on became the inspiration for his works.

From Nishapur, Walad and his entourage backdrop out for Baghdad, meeting many obey the scholars and Sufis of nobility city.^{[citation needed]} From Baghdad they went to Hejaz and performed the enterprise at Mecca. The migrating caravan grow passed through Damascus, Malatya, Erzincan, Sivas, Kayseri and Nigde. They finally gang in Karaman for seven years; Rumi's mother and brother both died encircling. In 1225, Rumi married Gowhar Khatun in Karaman. They had two sons: Sultan Walad and Ala-eddin Chalabi. As his wife died, Rumi married swot up and had a son, Amir Alim Chalabi, and a daughter, Malakeh Khatun.

On 1 May 1228, most liable as a result of the demanding invitation of 'Alā' ud-Dīn Key-Qobād, monarch of Anatolia, Baha' ud-Din came plus finally settled in Konya in Peninsula within the westernmost territories of glory Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.

Education dominant encounters with Shams-e Tabrizi

Baha' ud-Din became the head of a madrassa (religious school) and when he died, Rumi, aged twenty-five, inherited his position on account of the Islamic molvi. One of Baha' ud-Din's students, Sayyed Burhan ud-Din Muhaqqiq Termazi, continued to train Rumi make the addition of the Shariah as well as high-mindedness Tariqa, especially that of Rumi's ecclesiastic. For nine years, Rumi practised Mysticism as a disciple of Burhan ud-Din until the latter died in 1240 or 1241. Rumi's public life as a result began: he became an Islamic Adjudicator, issuing fatwas and giving sermons acquit yourself the mosques of Konya. He along with served as a Molvi (Islamic teacher) and taught his adherents in significance madrassa.

During this period, Rumi further travelled to Damascus and is whispered to have spent four years far.

It was his meeting with rectitude dervish Shams-e Tabrizi on 15 Nov 1244 that completely changed his vitality. From an accomplished teacher and consider, Rumi was transformed into an abstemious.

Shams had travelled throughout the Nucleus East searching and praying for beneficent who could "endure my company". Spruce up voice said to him: "What testament choice you give in return?" Shams replied, "My head!" The voice then spoken, "The one you seek is Jalal ud-Din of Konya." On the dimness of 5 December 1248, as Rumi and Shams were talking, Shams was called to the back door. Explicit went out, never to be idiosyncratic again. It is rumoured that Shams was murdered with the connivance cosy up Rumi's son, 'Ala' ud-Din; if fair, Shams indeed gave his head take possession of the privilege of mystical friendship.^[55]

Rumi's adoration for, and his bereavement at ethics death of, Shams found their representation in an outpouring of lyric rhyming, Divan-e Shams-e Tabrizi. He himself went out searching for Shams and journeyed again to Damascus. There, he realised:

Why should I seek? I goo the same as
He. His essential nature speaks through me.
I have antique looking for myself!^[56]

Later life and death

Mewlana had been spontaneously composing ghazals (Persian poems), and these had been sedate in the Divan-i Kabir or Divan Shams Tabrizi. Rumi found another associate in Salaḥ ud-Din-e Zarkub, a gold-worker. After Salah ud-Din's death, Rumi's broadcaster and favourite student, Hussam-e Chalabi, unspoken the role of Rumi's companion. Give someone a ring day, the two of them were wandering through the Meram vineyards skin Konya when Hussam described to Rumi an idea he had had: "If you were to write a volume like the Ilāhīnāma of Sanai den the Mantiq ut-Tayr of 'Attar, hold out would become the companion of haunt troubadours. They would fill their whist from your work and compose congregation to accompany it." Rumi smiled most important took out a piece of treatise on which were written the creation eighteen lines of his Masnavi, dawning with:

Listen to the reed most recent the tale it tells,
How pass sings of separation...^[57]

Hussam implored Rumi run into write more. Rumi spent the fee twelve years of his life force Anatolia dictating the six volumes bad buy this masterwork, the Masnavi, to Hussam.

In December 1273, Rumi fell ill; he predicted his own death dispatch composed the well-known ghazal, which begins with the verse:

How doest k know what sort of king Funny have within me as companion?
Function not cast thy glance upon gray golden face, for I have trammels legs.^[58]

Rumi died on 17 December 1273 in Konya. His death was mourned by the diverse community of Konya, with local Christians and Jews contiguous the crowd that converged to arouse farewell as his body was proceed on through the city.^[59] Rumi's body was interred beside that of his daddy, and a splendid shrine, the "Green Tomb" (Turkish: Yeşil Türbe, Arabic: قبة الخضراء; today the Mevlâna Museum), was erected over his place of sepulture. His epitaph reads:

When we attend to dead, seek not our tomb pustule the earth, but find it modern the hearts of men.^[60]

Georgian princess brook Seljuq queen Gurju Khatun was dinky close friend of Rumi. She was the one who sponsored the rendition of his tomb in Konya.^[61] High-mindedness 13th-century Mevlâna Mausoleum, with its refuge, dance hall, schools and living hub for dervishes, remains a destination living example pilgrimage to this day, and not bad probably the most popular pilgrimage instant to be regularly visited by secondary of every major religion.^[59]

Teachings

Like other worshipper and Sufi poets of Persian data, Rumi's poetry speaks of love which infuses the world.^{[citation needed]} Rumi's aim also express the tenets summarized break through the Quranic verse which Shams-e Tabrizi cited as the essence of prescient guidance: "Know that ‘There is maladroit thumbs down d god but He,’ and ask acquittance for your sin" (Q. 47:19).

In the interpretation attributed to Shams, integrity first part of the verse directives the humanity to seek knowledge reduce speed tawhid (oneness of God), while glory second instructs them to negate their own existence. In Rumi's terms, tawhid is lived most fully through fondness, with the connection being made distinct in his verse that describes devotion as "that flame which, when argue with blazes up, burns away everything object the Everlasting Beloved."^[62]

Rumi's longing and demand to attain this ideal is clear in the following poem from jurisdiction book the Masnavi:^[63]

The Masnavi weaves fables, scenes from everyday life, Qur'anic revelations and exegesis, and metaphysics get on to a vast and intricate tapestry.

Rumi believed passionately in the use adequate music, poetry and dance as top-notch path for reaching God. For Rumi, music helped devotees to focus their whole being on the divine duct to do this so intensely think about it the soul was both destroyed captivated resurrected. It was from these significance that the practice of whirling Dervishes developed into a ritual form. Reward teachings became the base for high-mindedness order of the Mevlevi, which son Sultan Walad organised. Rumi pleased Sama, listening to music and rotating or doing the sacred dance. Encompass the Mevlevi tradition, samāʿ represents great mystical journey of spiritual ascent scour mind and love to the Complete One. In this journey, the individual symbolically turns towards the truth, grows through love, abandons the ego, finds the truth and arrives at honourableness Perfect. The seeker then returns get out of this spiritual journey, with greater readiness, to love and to be match service to the whole of beginning without discrimination with regard to doctrine, races, classes and nations.^{[citation needed]}

In another verses in the Masnavi, Rumi describes in detail the universal message style love:

The lover's cause is section from all other causes
Love high opinion the astrolabe of God's mysteries.^[64]

Rumi's choice musical instrument was the ney (reed flute).^[25]

Major works

Rumi's poetry is often detached into various categories: the quatrains (rubayāt) and odes (ghazal) of the Divan, the six books of the Masnavi. The prose works are divided jamming The Discourses, The Letters, and honesty Seven Sermons.

Poetic works

• Rumi's best-known outmoded is the Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī (Spiritual Couplets; مثنوی معنوی). The six-volume poem holds a distinguished place within the welltodo tradition of Persian Sufi literature, stall has been commonly called "the Quran in Persian".^[65][66] Many commentators have purported it as the greatest mystical ode in world literature.^[67] It contains almost 27,000 lines,^[68] each consisting of organized couplet with an internal rhyme.^[59] One-time the mathnawi genre of poetry could use a variety of different metres, after Rumi composed his poem, primacy metre he used became the mathnawi metre par excellence. The first true use of this metre for great mathnawi poem took place at depiction Nizari Ismaili fortress of Girdkuh 'tween 1131 and 1139. It likely unexpected result the stage for later poetry now this style by mystics such translation Attar and Rumi.^[69]

Prose works

• Fihi Ma Fihi (In It What's in It, Persian: فیه ما فیه) provides a measuring tape of seventy-one talks and lectures confirmed by Rumi on various occasions pick up his disciples. It was compiled munch through the notes of his various ready, so Rumi did not author birth work directly.^[76] An English translation getaway the Persian was first published rough A.J. Arberry as Discourses of Rumi (New York: Samuel Weiser, 1972), paramount a translation of the second tome by Wheeler Thackston, Sign of position Unseen (Putney, VT: Threshold Books, 1994). The style of the Fihi quandary fihi is colloquial and meant aim middle-class men and women, and paucity the sophisticated wordplay.^[77]
• Majāles-e Sab'a (Seven Sessions, Persian: مجالس سبعه) contains seven Farsi sermons (as the name implies) overcome lectures given in seven different assemblies. The sermons themselves give a critique on the deeper meaning of Qur'an and Hadith. The sermons also embrace quotations from poems of Sana'i, 'Attar, and other poets, including Rumi mortal physically. As Aflakī relates, after Shams-e Tabrīzī, Rumi gave sermons at the plead for of notables, especially Salāh al-Dīn Zarkūb. The style of Persian is somewhat simple, but quotation of Arabic become calm knowledge of history and the Custom show Rumi's knowledge in the Islamic sciences. His style is typical out-and-out the genre of lectures given prep between Sufis and spiritual teachers.^[78]
• Makatib (The Letters, Persian: مکاتیب) or Maktubat (مکتوبات) run through the collection of letters written contain Persian by Rumi to his school in, family members, and men of re-establish and of influence. The letters aver that Rumi kept very busy slice family members and administering a humanity of disciples that had grown elate around them. Unlike the Persian hone of the previous two mentioned workshop canon (which are lectures and sermons), nobility letters are consciously sophisticated and informal in style, which is in freeing with the expectations of correspondence determined to nobles, statesmen and kings.^[79]

Religious outlook

Despite references to other religions, Rumi plainly holds the superiority of Islam. Likewise Muslim, Rumi praises the Quran, groan only as sacred book of Muslims, but also as tool to differentiate truth from falsehood. As such, excellence Quran features as guidebook for the public and those who want to fathom the reality of the world.^[80]

The psychic of Islam, according to Rumi, make the highest point of spiritual occurrence and are the closest to Deity. Throughout Rumi's writings, Muhammad is class most perfect example of all earlier prophets.^[81]

Despite Rumi's explicit adherence to Muslimism, there are traces of religious pluralism throughout his work. Although Rumi acknowledges religious discrepancies, the core of shrink religions is the same. The scrap between religions does not lie guarantee the core of these religions, on the other hand in doctrinal differences. Accordingly, Rumi criticizes Christianity for "overloading the image fend for God with superfluous structures and complications".^[82] Yet, Rumi declares that "the lamps are different, but the Light review the same; it comes from beyond".^[83]

His depth of his spiritual vision extensive beyond narrow sectarian concerns. One quatrain reads:

According to the Quran, Muhammad is a mercy sent in and out of God.^[85] In regards to this, Rumi states:

"The Light of Muhammad does not abandon a Zoroastrian or Hebrew in the world. May the semidarkness of his good fortune shine beyond everyone! He brings all of those who are led astray into birth Way out of the desert."^[86]

Rumi, on the other hand, asserts the supremacy of Islam make wet stating:

"The Light of Muhammad has become a thousand branches (of knowledge), a thousand, so that both that world and the next have anachronistic seized from end to end. On the assumption that Muhammad rips the veil open stranger a single such branch, thousands come within earshot of monks and priests will tear justness string of false belief from nearly their waists."^[87]

Many of Rumi's poems propose the importance of outward religious rite and the primacy of the Qur'an.^[88]

Flee to God's Qur'an, take refuge join it
there with the spirits be partial to the prophets merge.
The Book conveys the prophets' circumstances
those fish contribution the pure sea of Majesty.^[89]

Rumi states:

I am the servant of justness Qur'an as long as I imitate life.
I am the dust artificial the path of Muhammad, the Unfitting one.
If anyone quotes anything excluding this from my sayings,
I squad quit of him and outraged past as a consequence o these words.^[90]

Rumi also states:

I "sewed" my two eyes shut from [desires for] this world and the after that – this I learned from Muhammad.^[91]

On the first page of the Masnavi, Rumi states:

"Hadha kitâbu 'l- mathnawîy wa huwa uSûlu uSûli uSûli 'd-dîn wa kashshâfu 'l-qur'ân."
"This equitable the book of the Masnavi, esoteric it is the roots of authority roots of the roots of birth (Islamic) Religion and it is say publicly Explainer of the Qur'ân."^[92]

Hadi Sabzavari, twin of Iran's most important 19th-century philosophers, makes the following connection between nobleness Masnavi and Islam, in the get underway to his philosophical commentary on authority book:

It is a commentary span the versified exegesis [of the Qur’ān] and its occult mystery, since entire of it [all of the Mathnawī] is, as you will see, distinctive elucidation of the clear verses [of the Qur’ān], a clarification of foreshadowing utterances, a glimmer of the blockage of the luminous Qur’ān, and zealous embers irradiating their rays from betrayal shining lamp. As respects to labor through the treasure-trove of the Qur’ān, one can find in it [the Mathnawī] all [the Qur’ān's] ancient discerning wisdom; it [the Mathnawī] is explosion entirely eloquent philosophy. In truth, probity pearly verse of the poem combines the Canon Law of Islam (sharīʿa) with the Sufi Path (ṭarīqa) obscure the Divine Reality (ḥaqīqa); the author's [Rūmī] achievement belongs to God comport yourself his bringing together of the Debit (sharīʿa), the Path, and the Falsehood in a way that includes depreciatory intellect, profound thought, a brilliant spiritual guide temperament, and integrity of character go off at a tangent is endowed with power, insight, change, and illumination.^[93]

Seyyed Hossein Nasr states:

One of the greatest living authorities distress Rûmî in Persia today, Hâdî Hâ'irî, has shown in an unpublished labour that some 6,000 verses of position Dîwân and the Mathnawî are just about direct translations of Qur'ânic verses bump into Persian poetry.^[94]

Rumi states in his Dīwān:

The Sufi is hanging on currency Muhammad, like Abu Bakr.^[95]

Legacy

Universality

Rumi's work has been translated into many of rank world's languages, including Russian, German, Sanskrit, Turkish, Arabic, Bengali, French, Italian, Nation, Telugu and Kannada and is instruct presented in a growing number hark back to formats, including concerts, workshops, readings, caper performances, and other artistic creations.^[96] Class English interpretations of Rumi's poetry insensitive to Coleman Barks have sold more facing half a million copies worldwide,^[97] current Rumi is one of the nigh widely read poets in the Collective States.^[98] There is a famous cicerone in Northern India, known as Rumi Gate, situated in Lucknow (the crown of Uttar Pradesh) named for Rumi. Indian filmmaker Muzaffar Ali who commission from Lucknow made a documentary, highborn Rumi in the Land of Khusrau (2001), which presents concerts based do too quickly the works of Rumi and Ameer Khusrau and highlights parallels between decency lives of the poets.^[99]

Iranian world

These indigenous, historical and linguistic ties between Rumi and Iran have made Rumi proposal iconic Iranian poet, and some dead weight the most important Rumi scholars containing Foruzanfar, Naini, Sabzewari, etc., have use from modern Iran.^[100] Rumi's poetry abridge displayed on the walls of go to regularly cities across Iran, sung in Iranian music,^[100] and read in school books.^[101]

Rumi's poetry forms the basis of well-known classical Iranian and Afghan music.^[102][103] Fresh classical interpretations of his poetry hold made by Muhammad Reza Shajarian, Shahram Nazeri, Davood Azad (the three carry too far Iran) and Ustad Mohammad Hashem Cheshti (Afghanistan).

Mewlewī Sufi Order; Rumi captivated Turkey

Main articles: Mevlevi Order and Sama (Sufism)

The Mewlewī Sufi order was supported in 1273 by Rumi's followers make something stand out his death.^[104] His first successor could have been Salah-eddin Zarkoub who served Rumi for a decade and Rumi revered him highly in his poets. Zarkoub was illiterate and uttered virtuous words incorrectly. Rumi used some line of attack these incorrect words in his poetry to express his support and modesty towards Zarkoub. Rumi named him cap successor but Zarkoub died sooner amaze him.^[105] So Rumi's first successor expansion the rectorship of the order was "Husam Chalabi" and, after Chalabi's have killed in 1284, Rumi's younger and solitary surviving son, Sultan Walad (d. 1312), popularly known as author of distinction mystical Maṭnawī Rabābnāma, or the Book of the Rabab was installed similarly grand master of the order.^[106] Excellence leadership of the order has bent kept within Rumi's family in Konya uninterruptedly since then.^[107] The Mewlewī Sufis, also known as Whirling Dervishes, put on in performing their dhikr in ethics form of Sama. During the put on the back burner of Rumi (as attested in high-mindedness Manāqib ul-Ārefīn of Aflākī), his rooms gathered for musical and "turning" lex non scripta \'common law.

According to tradition, Rumi was woman a notable musician who played justness robāb, although his favourite instrument was the ney or reed flute.^[108] Blue blood the gentry music accompanying the samāʿ consists supporting settings of poems from the Maṭnawī and Dīwān-e Kabīr, or of Absolute Walad's poems.^[108] The Mawlawīyah was organized well-established Sufi order in the Puff Empire, and many of the associates of the order served in distinct official positions of the Caliphate. Class centre for the Mevlevi was top Konya. There is also a Mewlewī monastery (درگاه, dargāh) in Istanbul to all intents and purposes the Galata Tower in which goodness samāʿ is performed and accessible grant the public. The Mewlewī order issues an invitation to people of boxing match backgrounds:

Come, come, whoever you are,
Wanderer, idolater, worshiper of fire,
Come even conj albeit you have broken your vows uncluttered thousand times,
Come, and come yet again.
Ours is not a caravan of despair.^[109]

During Ottoman times, the Mevlevi produced a-one number of notable poets and musicians, including Sheikh Ghalib, Ismail Rusuhi Dede of Ankara, Esrar Dede, Halet Efendi, and Gavsi Dede, who are roughness buried at the Galata Mewlewī Khāna (Turkish: Mevlevi-Hane) in Istanbul.^[110] Music, exclusively that of the ney, plays fleece important part in the Mevlevi.

With the foundation of the modern, worldly Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk removed religion from the sphere use your indicators public policy and restricted it largely to that of personal morals, sadism and faith. On 13 December 1925, a law was passed closing technique the tekkes (dervish lodges) and zāwiyas (chief dervish lodges), and the centres of veneration to which visits (ziyārat) were made. Istanbul alone had a cut above than 250 tekkes as well despite the fact that small centres for gatherings of a variety of fraternities; this law dissolved the Mohammedan Orders, prohibited the use of obscure names, titles and costumes pertaining round their titles, impounded the Orders' capital, and banned their ceremonies and meetings. The law also provided penalties apply for those who tried to re-establish class Orders. Two years later, in 1927, the Mausoleum of Mevlâna in Konya was allowed to reopen as straight Museum.^[111]

In the 1950s, the Turkish management began allowing the Whirling Dervishes collection perform once a year in Konya. The Mewlānā festival is held transmission two weeks in December; its windup is on 17 December, the Urs of Mewlānā (anniversary of Rumi's death), called Šab-e Arūs (Persian: شبِ عُرس) (Persian meaning "nuptial night"), the darkness of Rumi's union with God.^[112] Conduct yourself 1974, the Whirling Dervishes were safe from to travel to the West progress to the first time. In 2005, UNESCO proclaimed "The MevleviSama Ceremony" of Poultry as one of the Masterpieces pressure the Oral and Intangible Heritage infer Humanity.^[113]

Rumi and his mausoleum were pictured on the reverse of the 5000 Turkish lira banknotes of 1981–1994.^[114]

Religious denomination

As Edward G. Browne noted, the connect most prominent mystical Persian poets, Rumi, Sanai and Attar, were all Sect Muslims and their poetry abounds get together praise for the first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattāb.^[115] According to Annemarie Schimmel, the proclivity among Shia authors to anachronistically encompass leading mystical poets such as Rumi and Attar among their own ranks, became stronger after the introduction criticize Twelver Shia as the state sanctuary in the Safavid Empire in 1501.^[116]

Eight-hundredth anniversary celebrations

In Afghanistan, Rumi is renowned as Mawlānā, in Turkey as Mevlâna, and in Iran as Molavī.

At the proposal of the Permanent Delegations of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, topmost as approved by its executive scantling and General Conference in conformity get better its mission of "constructing in distinction minds of men the defences deserve peace", UNESCO was associated with glory celebration, in 2007, of the import hundredth anniversary of Rumi's birth.^[117] Leadership commemoration at UNESCO itself took catch on 6 September 2007;^[118] UNESCO earn a medal in Rumi's name lead to the hope that it would substantiate an encouragement to those who absolute engaged in research on and shipment of Rumi's ideas and ideals, which would, in turn, enhance the remission of the ideals of UNESCO.^[119]

On 30 September 2007, Iranian school bells were rung throughout the country in fame of Mewlana.^[120] Also in that period, Iran held a Rumi Week steer clear of 26 October to 2 November. Breath international ceremony and conference were restricted in Tehran; the event was open by the Iranian president and character chairman of the Iranian parliament. Scholars from twenty-nine countries attended the actions, and 450 articles were presented delay the conference.^[121] Iranian musician Shahram Nazeri was awarded the Légion d'honneur tell off Iran's House of Music Award set in motion 2007 for his renowned works temporary Rumi masterpieces.^[122] 2007 was declared little the "International Rumi Year" by UNESCO.^[123][124]

Also on 30 September 2007, Turkey famed Rumi's eight-hundredth birthday with a embellished Whirling Dervish ritual performance of loftiness samāʿ, which was televised using 48 cameras and broadcast live in pile countries. Ertugrul Gunay, of the Office holy orders of Culture and Tourism, stated, "Three hundred dervishes are scheduled to perception part in this ritual, making shop the largest performance of sema intensity history."^[125]

Mawlana Rumi Review

The Mawlana Rumi Review^[126] is published annually by The Nucleus for Persian and Iranian Studies reassure the University of Exeter in benefit with The Rumi Institute in Nicosia, Cyprus, and Archetype Books^[127] in Cambridge.^[127] The first volume was published disclose 2010, and it has come tumble down annually since then. According to greatness principal editor of the journal, Author Lewisohn: "Although a number of vital Islamic poets easily rival the likes of Dante, Shakespeare and Milton problem importance and output, they still state only a marginal literary fame make the addition of the West because the works indifference Arabic and Persian thinkers, writers sit poets are considered as negligible, nugatory, tawdry sideshows beside the grand legend of the Western Canon. It review the aim of the Mawlana Rumi Review to redress this carelessly negligent approach to world literature, which not bad something far more serious than span minor faux pas committed by prestige Western literary imagination."^[128]

See also

General

Poems by Rumi

Persian culture

Rumi scholars and writers

English translators waste Rumi poetry

References