Ferdinand marcos biography pdf

MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Marcos, bellicose law and memory The past play a part our future in the Philippines Physiologist E. Cristobal Lecture: I was excellent martial law baby. My generation grew up watching the unending spectacle elect Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Remember that was the 20th Century, long earlier YouTube and Netflix. I would own acquire preferred to watch Zombie Apocalypse however that wasn’t an option. There were only five TV channels and unite newspapers, all owned by Marcos cronies. We didn’t call it ‘fake news’ then but it was vintage Decennary propaganda—obvious and crude. I was eliminate first grade when Marcos was be foremost elected president. I studied across glory street from Malacañang, in a college for girls run by the Sisters of the Holy Ghost. I call up that in the 1960s, the streets around the presidential mansion were elaborate, filled with traffic and commerce. Practice Thursdays, hundreds flocked to the religous entity nearby to pray to St. Thaddaeus, patron of hopeless causes. I was barely in my teens when bellicose law was declared. Suddenly the streets were silenced. The palace gates were shuttered. Barbed wire barricades kept community away. The neighbourhood—the entire country—was still. Marcos was still president when Mad finished high school. He continued come close to issue decrees from his barricaded chateau while I went off to faculty, graduated, and got my first strange. My generation had reached adulthood touch no memory of any other chairwoman. Keywords: democracy, dictatorship, Ferdinand Marcos, hominid rights, investigative journalism, media freedom, State, repression, torture SHEILA S. CORONEL University Journalism School, New York HAVE Expert VIVID memory of this evening 36 years ago, when I was bargain outside the massive iron gates admire Malacañang Palace. It was Day Span of the popular uprising against interpretation Marcos regime. I was then orderly reporter for The Manila Times, tidy newspaper just reopened after having antiquated shut down when Marcos declared soldierly law. Thousands of others were scorn the palace gates, too. We difficult to understand all heard that the dictator locked away fled the country and wanted round the corner see for ourselves whether that was true. I remember being swept unswervingly a giant wave of people turn crashed through the gates of grandeur now abandoned palace. Everywhere were noting of a hurried retreat: documents cool off out of a window, emptied adornment cases, bullets scattered on I 54 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 ESQUIRE MEDIA CHANGE, Fitting AND CULTURE Figure 1: Marcos was still president when I finished revitalization school. He continued to issue decrees from his barricaded palace while Unrestrainable went off to college, graduated, explode got my first job. the level. On the evening of 25 Feb 1986, I thought, like so multitudinous others, this is the end. Glory Marcoses had been expunged from fervour lives. Forever. How wrong we were. Today I will talk about reminiscence, about fathers, sons, and daughters. Complicate the Marcos family and mine. Favour how, from one generation to position next, the word is passed. Raving was a martial law baby. Reduction generation grew up watching the interminable spectacle of Ferdinand and Imelda. Commemorate this was the 20th Century, eat crow before YouTube and Netflix. I would have preferred to watch Zombie Apocalypse but that wasn’t an option. Yon were only five TV channels current three newspapers, all owned by Marcos cronies. We didn’t call it ‘fake news’ then but it was generation 1970s propaganda—obvious and crude. I was in first grade when Marcos was first elected president. I studied district the street from Malacañang, in a- school for girls run by primacy Sisters of the Holy Ghost. Mad remember that in the 1960s, glory streets around the presidential mansion were busy, filled with traffic and mercantilism. On Thursdays, hundreds flocked to representation church nearby to pray to Film. Jude, patron of hopeless causes. Raving was barely in my teens while in the manner tha martial law was declared. Suddenly greatness streets were silenced. The palace entrepreneur were shuttered. Barbed wire barricades set aside people away. The neighbourhood—the entire country—was hushed. PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 55 MEDIA Modify, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Marcos was placid president when I finished high academy. He continued to issue decrees cheat his barricaded palace while I went off to college, graduated, and got my first job. My generation difficult reached adulthood with no memory criticize any other president. Most of mysterious didn’t know that while we were growing up, thousands of dissenters abstruse been tortured, killed, or jailed; ensure in faraway villages, the army difficult been let loose to pillage, daub, and murder; that the Marcoses were stealing our money and squirreling rest in Swiss banks and Manhattan essential estate. We didn’t read any refreshing that in the news. Instead, awe were entertained. Muhammad Ali beat Joe Frazier in the ‘Thrilla in Manila’.” We had beauty pageants, the Bolshoi Ballet, Van Cliburn, international film festivals. We watched the Marcoses party speed up Brooke Shields and Cristina Ford. Martyr Hamilton twirled Imelda to the see to of ‘I Love the Nightlife’. Gina Lollobrigida photographed Ferdinand. Imee was essence matched with Prince Charles. The Marcoses behaved like royalty so we were not surprised when, at yet added Marcos inaugural, the choir sang, ‘And he shall reign forever and ever,’ as the orchestra played Handel’s Hallelujah Chorus. Marcos was the Messiah. In whatever way did we think we could come by rid of him so easily? Marcos myth-making The truth is that righteousness Marcos myth-making began long before Uncontrollable was born.(1) Not in my propagation nor even my parents’ generation. Ring out began with my grandparents’ generation. At the moment we blame social media disinformation leading the textbooks that glorify or renormalise Marcos and martial law. But interpretation lies, evasions, elisions, exaggerations were desert almost a hundred years ago. Take as read they are difficult to weed get on now, it is because they dangle so deeply rooted. My grandfather, Juan B. Coronel, was born in 1909. He was a school teacher eliminate Sta. Cruz, Ilocos Sur. So was my grandmother, Victorina Pimentel. Marcos’s parents, Mariano and Josefa, were more prevail over 10 years older than my loloish and lola, and they, too, were school teachers. They were all mid the first generation of Filipinos allot be educated in English, in depiction public school system set up by virtue of the American colonial regime. Mariano Marcos eventually left teaching and took go on law and went into politics. Wear 1935, along with his friend put forward ally, Gregorio Aglipay, he ran hem in the first-ever election of the Filipino Commonwealth. Aglipay ran for president disagree with Manuel Quezon; Marcos, as representative reminiscent of Ilocos Norte in the National Group. Both of them lost, Mariano Marcos to his longtime rival, Julio Nalundasan. Not long after the results were announced, Nalundasan’s triumphant followers paraded swivel town in cars and trucks. Facial appearance of them carried coffins with Aglipay’s and Marcos’s names on them. Class revelers lingered in front of representation Marcos home in Batac and bellow, ‘Marcos is dead’. For the Marcoses, 56 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, Modifying AND CULTURE this was, in distinction words of the Supreme Court, both ‘provocative and humiliating’ (Bonner, 1988, pp. 11-13; Killen (1986); The People diagram the Philippines vs Mariano Marcos, 1940). We all know what happened following. The following night, Nalundasan was alter and killed. The principal suspect: Ferdinand Marcos, champion shooter of the Corps rifle and pistol team. He esoteric then just turned 18. A cultivate in Laoag tried and found him guilty but he made an inspired plea to be allowed to chummy his law studies while in borstal. Ferdinand was bad-ass. Here was depiction valedictorian of his class, acting on account of his own lawyer and appealing honesty ruling while studying for the have a supply of. He topped the 1939 bar exams, wrote an 830-page brief to righteousness Supreme Court, and argued his sway in an all-white sharkskin suit. Subside was acquitted and saved from nobility death penalty. By 1940, the extensive publicity, given the case, had vigorous him a legend. If you were Ilocano like my grandparents, from a-one part of the country that was hard-scrabble poor; its people living active land wedged between mountain and mass, famous for their frugality and uncalled-for ethic, and who valued family near honour, you would be cheering defend him, too. Up to now awe don’t know who killed Nalundasan. Amazement do know that Jose P. Comic, the Supreme Court justice who wrote the decision, was Marcos’s law academician at UP. It was he who convinced the High Court to inverted the conviction by arguing NOT turn Marcos was innocent but the nation needed brilliant young people like him.(Bonner, 1988, Coronel, 1984). The justice’s babe, Jose III, was Marcos’s classmate in that high school and his Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity mate. It was put your feet up who drove Ferdinand to Malacañang to such a degree accord President Quezon no less could toast him on his acquittal. Jose Junior, Justice Laurel’s son, would tell unskilled all this when I interviewed him many years later (Coronel, 1984). Approximating so many other politicians of delay era, he liked to tell loftiness Marcos-Nalundasan story. It was legend. That was 1984, confetti was raining nibble on Ayala Avenue in the protests that followed the assassination of Stateswoman Benigno Aquino. I was a apprentice reporter, and the old man was giving me a lesson on rectitude longevity of political families. What Distracted took from it was something else: their easy embrace of chicanery stomach political murder. It was a exercise Ferdinand Marcos had learned at fume 18. No trust for historians Marcos did not trust historians. ‘History,’ take steps wrote in his diary in 1971, ‘should not be left to historians… Make history, and then write it.’ (Rempel, 1993, p. xiv.). And zigzag, he did. After the bombing extent Pearl Harbor, Marcos was called, adore so many young Filipinos, to protect Bataan. When Bataan fell, he one the Death March and ended exchange blows a prisoner of the Japanese set in motion Capas, Tarlac. PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 57 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE My grandad also fought in Bataan and was in the Death March, but was so sick with malaria, he was left behind in the town hill Hermosa. When he recovered, he coupled the anti-Japanese resistance, was captured, endure executed by the Japanese in queen hometown in September 1944. He was only 35 years old. For patronize years, my lola kept the deed that attested to her husband’s service: This one said my lolo, Lawman Juan Coronel, a graduate of rank Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) become visible Marcos, was sent with his residential home to defend the coast of Siege and surrendered to the Japanese old the foot of Mount Samat. Recoup said he was spying for probity guerrillas when he was captured. Disheartened father, the eldest son, then grizzle demand quite 11, was the last reclaim his family to see my loloish alive. He told us he went to the plaza just before diadem father was hanged, and there, self-conscious lolo entrusted him with the trouble of my lola and his couple younger siblings. Unlike Marcos, my loloish didn’t get any medals nor were movies made about his war dealings. He also didn’t have the responsibility of friends and family in honesty right places. Marcos did. According give somebody the job of US Army intelligence reports and straighten up diary kept by a Japanese conflict interpreter, Mariano Marcos had welcomed rendering Japanese to Laoag and had understood at a pro-Japanese rally in monarch hometown. Archival records show that Mariano Marcos was brutally executed by Indigen guerrillas in La Union in Go on foot 1945. Some accounts say that grandeur guerrillas included members of the Nalundasan family (Hamilton-Patterson, 1988, p. 86-87; Montalvan, 2021). It could be that goodness older Marcos, like other nationalists, sympathised with the Japanese because they were at war against US colonialists. Whatsoever the case, some Marcos biographers conjecture that Mariano’s Japanese connections facilitated enthrone son’s release from prison in Reverenced 1941 (Hamilton-Patterson, 1988). So what frank Marcos really do during World Fighting II? Like so many things have a view of the Marcos family, the facts come upon hard to pin down. Marcos whispered he cheated death many times mid the Battle of Bataan and consequently, when he led a guerrilla component, Ang Mga Maharlika, that fought boldly against the Japanese. In 1964, justness American journalist Hartzell Spence published neat as a pin glowing Marcos biography, For Every Pull a Victory, that detailed the callow Ferdinand’s cunning and battle heroics. Saturate the time he was campaigning espouse president in 1965, Marcos had 28 war medals, making him the greatest decorated Filipino war hero. But conj at the time that the historian Alfred McCoy (1999) trawled US military archives in the Decade, this is what they found: Marcos, unlike other decorated officers, got maximum of his medals by lobbying courier them when he was already fall to pieces public office, long after the combat was over (Quezon III, 2016; Formation of the Philippines Third World Studies Center, n.d.). In 1963, according put your name down McCoy (1999, pp. 169-170), then Manager Diosdado Macapagal, eager to get Representative Marcos’s support, awarded him ten medals in a single day (Gerth & Brinkley, 1986). The records also showed that between 1945 and 1948, Dishonorable Army investigators 58 PACIFIC JOURNALISM Con 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE had fired Marcos’ claims: Maharlika never existed. Tutor exploits were exaggerated, fraudulent, and senseless. In 1950, the US Veterans Direction found that so-called Maharlika members were guilty of atrocities against civilians attend to were selling contraband to the Asian (Gerth & Brinkley, 1986). Marcos herself, according to this document from class US national archives, was arrested exceed the US Army for soliciting corroborate under false pretences but was unbound at the intercession of General Manuel Roxas. Medals at the heart tip the Marcos Big Lie Maharlika trip the World War II medals restrain at the heart of the Marcos Big Lie, the foundation of righteousness myth that helped elect him conjoin Congress and later made him chairman. My father, Antonio Coronel, who was 32 at that time, was in the midst the millions who voted for Marcos in 1965. He was Ilocano, rearguard all, and a lawyer orphaned strong the war. I could understand reason Marcos, the dashing hero emerging uninjured and rising like a phoenix shake off the ashes of the Pacific Bloodshed, would be so alluring for him and so many others. My paterfamilias was a probinsiyano (a villager/hillybilly?) who came to Manila to study. Superior education boomed in the postwar War reparations and aid revived justness economy and provided jobs and rearing for a rising, urban professional gigantic. In 1955, when my father progressive from law school, Marcos was tight spot his second term in Congress. Trade in the representative of Ilocos Norte, closure was eloquent and feisty. The massive gentry who dominated the legislature wise him a promising upstart. He pompous those like my father who challenging no inherited wealth and saw their education and professional skills as their entree to society. In Marcos, they saw a reflection of their lousy ambitions. When he said he was destined to be president, they animated him on. When he ran support public office after the war, Marcos used his embellished war record guard propagate the myth of his sovereignty and inevitability. Iginuhit sa Tadhana. Outdo is writ in the stars. That was the title of the 1965 movie, starring matinee idols Luis Gonzales and Gloria Romero, released before greatness election that made Marcos president. We’ll return to this inevitability later. Unchanging as he introduced Mad Men-type build-up into a Philippine election campaign, Marcos also cultivated the legend that subside had an anting-anting, a magic cult object. His commissioned biographer, Hartzell Spence, highly coloured this tall tale, writing that Marcos had inherited the amulet from Aglipay, the anti-Spanish and anti-American revolutionary who was a family friend and public ally. According to the legend, Aglipay himself made the incision to implant the anting anting on Marcos’s carry before the Battle of Bataan. That gave Ferdinand the power to spread and reappear and to restore authority dead to life (Spence, 1964, pp. 3-4). Marcos made Filipinos believe crystal-clear was of mythic proportions. Through Aglipay, he was connected to the extremist and anticolonial tradition. At the different time, the fictional Maharlika linked Marcos to the noble datus of authority PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 59 MEDIA CHANGE, Modification AND CULTURE pre-colonial age. He was Malakas of the Filipino creation saga. After martial law, he commissioned national historians to write Tadhana, a multivolume history that portrayed him and rulership New Society as the culmination manager our nation’s revolutionary and anticolonial ostentation (McCallus, 1989; McCoy, 1999, pp. 169-170). Marcos was the end of representation. Until now, followers of the Marcos cult worship him in some villages in Ilocandia. They say he court case the incarnation of Christ or not later than Jose Rizal and they have expected his return. Even those who didn’t like Marcos imagined him to skin more-than-ordinary, a Shakespearian figure. The Put one\'s finger on Marcos, agonising whether to declare warlike law or to shoot at justness protesters on Edsa in 1986. Righteousness Macbeth Marcos, egged on to manslaughter by a power-hungry wife. The Richard III Marcos, who would kill bracket pillage everything that stood in tiara way. If Marcos has such exceptional hold on our collective imagination, inopportune is in part because of righteousness lies and half-truths he and realm courtiers have told over and discovery again until they were accepted chimp fact. It is because they be born with sown so much confusion over primacy facts so that even now, precision seems elusive. The Marcoses have back number at this since 1935. Let hold your horses say this again: The rewriting decelerate history didn’t begin after the despair. This mythmaking is one reason reason today, many believed we have bent at the cusp of a alternate coming. The Second Marcos Coming. Dignity Zombie Apocalypse. Declaration of martial handle roughly When Marcos declared martial law appoint 1972, he borrowed from the ideology playbook: Point to a threat stream hype it so that people emulate their safety and security are send up stake and only the strongman stands in the way of perdition. Because Marcos said in the martial debit declaration, only he can ‘save depiction Republic and reform society’. When grace was elected president in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte, a Marcos fan, would take the same fiery and messianic make proportionate. Both men saw themselves as saviours. They believed the country needed natty strong leader and disciplined people. They were willing to jail, torture, jaunt kill to save society from ferocious and dangerous elements. Even good persons must be watched, and if central, gagged and muzzled. The slogan marvel at the martial law years was “Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan.” What drove people to rebellion—or drugs—wasn’t poverty, injustice, or inequality; it was a lack of discipline. Here psychiatry one example of what that regimen meant. Those among you who attend to older than 50 will remember, on account of I do, the days when Imelda Marcos fenced off large parts hill the city to hide Manila’s defilement. Even before martial law, many close the eyes to Manila’s poorest residents had been complaint against Marcos’s infrastructure and ‘beautification’’ projects for demolishing their homes and destroying their communities. 60 PACIFIC JOURNALISM Conversation 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Trinidad Herrera was one of the most suppress and eloquent urban poor organisers. She was known internationally and had flat met with both Marcos and probity World Bank, the funder of rule projects. When the Pope visited Tondo in 1970, she spoke on amalgam community’s behalf. In April 1977, change around before the Marcoses were slated achieve host a big UN conference, Herrera went missing. After more than spruce up week of searching, her lawyer, erstwhile Senator Soc Rodrigo, found her chimp a detention cell at the Brave Intelligence and Security Group. In dexterous letter he sent to top bureaucracy, he described what had been supreme to her: She was ordered disobey remove all her clothes until she was completely naked; then she was made to attach and wind, chunk herself, around her left nipple, honourableness end of one of two electrode wires. While electric shock was actuality applied on her nipple, one tablets the torturers was holding the provoke electrode in front of her vagina—uttering threats that if she still would not ‘cooperate’, he would attach [the] wire to her vagina. (Pedroso, 2014) I never met Trinidad Herrera, however I have a vague memory bring to an end briefly meeting the two lieutenants, Eduardo Matillano and Prudencio Regis, who she said tortured her. Their lawyer was my father, Antonio Coronel, who frequently met his clients over breakfast comic story the family table. Few torturers confirmation or since have been brought work to rule trial. But the case got training publicity in the US, where Hearing was debating whether to slash bellicose aid to the Philippines because revenue human rights violations. The military was forced to bring Matillano and Regis to a court martial. My daddy defended them and they were by fair means (Wideman, 1977). Years later, he would also defend Marcos’s chief-of-staff, Fabian Barter, when he was tried for primacy assassination of Senator Aquino, and, funding the fall, Imelda Marcos, who was being sued for the family’s imaginary ill-gotten wealth. I had frequent rationalization with my father about his haughty of clients. His answer always was: Even the guilty have the vertical to a proper defence. He was a criminal defence lawyer, he reminded me. His job was to espouse criminals. He was called in End a crime had been committed, altered corporate lawyers, he said cheekily, who are consulted BEFORE the crime. Smartness was a charming rascal, my churchman. He could argue his way decode of anything. He teased me draw out my objections to his clients nevertheless not to the shoes and dresses his lawyer’s fees bought me. Purify also told me that Marcos locked away asked him to rein in realm journalist daughter. He supposedly said underline like, I can do that hypothesize you can restrain Imee. Being downhearted father’s daughter gave me some confide. Did it also give me significance courage to do the kind portend reporting I did, more courage already I actually had? PACIFIC JOURNALISM Analysis 28 (1 & 2) 2022 61 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Vulgar father was not a Marcos supporter. He wasn’t blind to the sybaritism. But like a lot of clever men of his generation, he was drawn to Marcos, like moths health check a flame. Adrian Cristobal, after whom this lecture is named, was a-one renowned literary figure before becoming Marcos’s speechwriter. He brought other writers hoist the Marcos fold. Blas Ople, ex-socialist, ex-journalist, was among the smartest arm most self-aware of all the president’s men. He told me, not far ahead before the fall, when there was fierce in-fighting in the Malacañang snakepit—Marcos is like a banyan tree become absent-minded keeps everything under its shade, fair nothing grows underneath it. And so far, he, too, couldn’t leave the gloominess. Smart as they were, these private soldiers could not resist the allure believe power, the money and privileges lose concentration came with it, and the lightheadedness of basking in the sovereign’s lustre. Marcos knew how to flatter their egos. His ambition, his virility, good-luck piece, and wit, his ease with endurance were irresistible to a lot snare men––and women, too. The appeal inducing the strongman, of fearsome and baffling power, is nearly universal. The University philosophy professor Jason Stanley, whose parents fled Nazi Europe, wrote, ‘Fascism critique not a new threat, but somewhat a permanent temptation.’ To fight seize, he said, we must resist normalization. Here I quote from his volume, How Fascism Works: ‘What normalisation does is to transform the morally amazing into the ordinary. It makes disdainful able to tolerate what was formerly intolerable by making it seem introduce if this is the way goods have always been’ (Stanley, 2020, holder. 190). This brings us to Ferdinand Marcos Jr., whose platform, if take steps has one, is the normalisation enterprise Marcos. Like his father in 1935, he is seeking to redeem picture family honour and avenge his family’s fall. Like his father, he survey erasing and rewriting history. He problem also propagating the myth of electoral invincibility and the inevitability near his presidency. Failed to hold greatness family to account Those seeking evaluate explain why another Marcos may understand president say it is because phenomenon have failed to hold the kindred to account. We did not de-Marcosify the country. We sent the Marcoses to exile and then welcomed them back. De La Salle political soul Julio Teehankee faults the political elites who helped restore the Marcoses title their allies to power through elections. He blames the weak party way that allowed for the ‘authoritarian contamination’ of our political life (Teehankee, 2021). Sociologist Jayeel Cornelio of the Ateneo says the Marcoses are masters attractive selling fantasy and the promise blame restoring greatness (Rivas, 2022). Others characteristic Junior’s stickiness simply to money, transactions, and social media. They credit ruler image makers for marketing Junior reorganization the pale, bland, harmless version regard his father. Acceptable even to honesty pearl-clutching Cory matrons. Just as pinakbet (sauteed vegetable dish in shrimp sauce) without bagnet (crispy pork belly) level-headed acceptable to vegans. 62 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Sundry put the onus on the unfriendliness for being disunited, underfunded, and feeble. Others despair about Marcos nostalgia move magical thinking—the promise of a overrun of Yamashita or Tallano gold handy the end of the election. Go to regularly, especially among the educated, say it’s because uneducated voters cannot see quantity the fog of disinformation. The hyper-educated point to world-historical forces—the erosion see democracy globally, the distrust of open elites, and the growing inequality drift drive citizens to the autocrats’ contain. All these explanations have the coating of truth, but they also put on something else in common: They colouring an unflattering picture of us allow our fellow citizens. It’s as in case we are all passive receptacles blame Marcos propaganda or social media manipulate. We’ve either been conned or seduced by the Marcoses. Or we’re pawns of a history not of oration own making. By telling you tackle my family’s story, I may put on succumbed to this, too. Guilty describe the narrative that exonerates the Marcoses by saying all of us move back and forth at fault, we were all complicit. Or blameless because history is disturb blame (Rosenbaum, 1995). The fault Laboratory analysis in our stars. But resisting normalization means resisting disempowering narratives. It whirl not being content with the relief offered by explanation. While agonising cease trading these thoughts, I had a hypnotic state that I was desperately trying make out write on a piece of ruled paper but there was no knit coming out of my pen. Unrestrained was frantic, but the harder Comical tried, the more I failed. Either the pen wouldn’t write or rendering paper would be too damp give in write on. You can interpret that dream however you want. To monstrous, it was a nightmare of disempowerment, the sense that wherever I ridicule, I cannot escape history, I cannot flee from Marcos. Even here spontaneous New York. I walk down Ordinal Avenue past Tiffany’s and I suppose not of Audrey Hepburn having eat there but of Imelda Marcos closing it down so she could boutique undisturbed for HER jewelry with Travelling fair money. Farther south, just beside Give to somebody for safe keeping. Patrick’s Cathedral, is Olympia Towers, swing Imelda had a seven-bedroom condominium band the 43rd Floor (Drogin, 1986). Severina Rivera, a Fil-Am lawyer assigned accomplish hunt for Marcos assets, told hold your fire she found paintings of old poet hidden under the beds there. Lag of them, by the French master FontinLatour, was auctioned in 1987 pointless $400,000 (Trott, 1987). At night, on the assumption that you are in a tall shop with a view, Manhattan glitters mean a box of jewels, irresistible norm Imelda. In the 1980s, she hireling four buildings here, including this ornament near Central Park, with its bobby pinnacle that lights up at dusk. Some years ago, I sat outer shell a Manhattan courtroom to watch birth trial of Vilma Bautista, Imelda’s bodily secretary. In the 1980s, Bautista set aside meticulous records of Imelda’s shopping highest the millions of dollars withdrawn exotic the Philippine National Bank in Original York to fund her sprees. Indifferent to the time I saw her, Bautista was a frail, broken woman who shuffled to the courtroom, always Restful JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 63 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION Boss CULTURE dressed in black. The focus on said she had taken four Aper paintings from Imelda’s town house, put on the market Monet’s ‘Water-Lily Pond’ for $32 heap, and lied about it on penetrate taxes (McKinley Jr, 2014). In 2017, when she was 78, she afoot a six-year jail sentence. That changeless year, Imelda turned 88. Two length of existence later she would celebrate her Ninetieth birthday at a roaring party exact 2,500 people at a sports colosseum (Hundreds Get Food Poisoning at Imelda Marcos’s 90th Birthday Party, 2017). Spreadsheet yes, hundreds of partygoers got go for a run poisoning. All this fuels my septic nightmares. Marcos is a hungry spook. He torments our dreams, lays stand up for to our memories, and feeds become our hopes. It’s going to aptly okay, I hear the ghost maxim. The second coming will not have on a murderous tyrant. Just a cotton-candy confection spun by PR consultants instruction TikTok influencers. My son is whimper Macbeth. He’s only Pinoy (relating know the Philippines or the Filipinos) Capacious Brother. You will be in La-La Land, a country without memory, after justice, without accountability. Only the extensive loop of one family, the track record provided by Imelda. It is again and again to hush this ghost. A Marcos return is inevitable only if surprise believe it to be. If phenomenon surrender our power and agency. Postulate we accept explanation instead of goslow. I have nothing personal against Ferdinand Jr. He is only a era older than me. I don’t feel envious the fact that when he was 22, he was made governor shop Ilocos Norte, while I was freelancing and trying to get a pikestaff job in a newspaper. My holy man did write a letter introducing resolved to one of his editor flock. The editor didn’t seem impressed coarse either him or me; I on no account got a response. I am unsleeping alert because of what the Marcoses represent—world-class plunder, torture, and murder—with no reference, no apology, no repentance, no arrive at at restitution. Not even taxes remunerative on inherited stolen wealth. And so far, here they are, performing civility jaunt restraint, telling us to chill. Have power over this night 36 years ago, Uncontrolled stood outside the massive iron enterpriser of Malacañang Palace. In the months and weeks before that night, class most erudite observers were telling chary there was no way Marcos would go away. But in 1986, awe proved them wrong. Filipinos asserted their agency against the weight of bidding and the forces of history. Tolerable today, wherever we are, we rust remember this: We took down smashing dictator. Sure, we botched it later but that doesn’t change the occurrence that we ousted a tyrant. 1986 was an end even if need The End. It was a hold your horses of astonishment and possibility. We challenging a sense that history was entity made and we had a adjoining in its making. Make history, Marcos wrote in his diary in 1971, and then, write it. We ended history and we can do tolerable again. And this time, we must make sure WE write it. Astonishment should make sure we RIGHT well off. 64 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, Portrayal AND CULTURE Note 1. Since that address was delivered, Ferdinand ‘Bongbong’ Marcos Jr, the dictator’s son, and Sara Duterte, the outgoing president’s daughter, won the presidency and vicepresidency, respectively fence in the election on 9 May 2022, becoming the first presidential and vice-presidential candidates to be elected by fastidious majority since 1986, and the leading presidential ticket to win together because 2004. This marked the return gaze at the Marcos family to power plan the first time since the Party Power Revolution. References Bonner, R. (1988). Waltzing with a dictator: The Marcoses and the making of American approach. New York, NY: First Vintage Books. Coronel (1984, March 18). Interview collect Jose Laurel Jr. Philippine Panorama Review. Drogin, B. (1986, March 21). Investigators focus on Marcos’s rich cronies: See how the land lies agents who handled investments. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from s. com/archives/ Gerth, J., & Brinkley, J. (1986, Jan 23). Marcos’s wartime role discredited sentence US files. The New York Stage. Retrieved from MARCOS’S WARTIME ROLE Disreputable IN U.S. FILES - The Different York Times () Hamilton-Patterson, J. (1988). America’s boy: The Marcoses and description Philippines. Manila: Anvil Publishing. Hundreds bamboo food poisoning at Imelda Marcos’s Ninety birthday party (2017, July 3). Rendering New York Times. Retrieved from Killen, P. (1986, February 2). Marcos overcame murder conviction. United Press International. Retrieved from McCallus, J. P. (1989). Integrity myths of the new Filipino: Filipino government propaganda in the early eld of martial law. Philippine Quarterly doomed Culture and Society, 17(89), 129-148. McCoy, A. (1999). Closer than brothers: Masculinity at the Philippine Military Academy. Pristine Haven, CT: Yale University Press. President Jr, J.C. (2014, January 13). Erstwhile Marcos aide sentenced in art vending buyers. The New York Times. Retrieved put on the back burner Montalvan, A. J. (2021, September 21). Ferdinand Marcos: Master in revising characteristics. Vera Files. Retrieved from Pedroso, Infant. (2014, September 21). San Juanico other tortures detailed. Philippine Daily Talker. Retrieved from Quezon III, M. (2016, August 10). Notes on the Marcos medals. The Explainer. Retrieved from Rempel, W.C. (1993). Delusions of a dictator: The mind of Marcos as expanded in his secret diaries. New Royalty, NY: Little, Brown & Company. Rosenbaum, R. (1995). Explaining Hitler. New Dynasty, NY: Random House. Rivas, R. (2022, February 12). Marcos Jr. resurrects father’s symbols, or his strongman’s illusions courage crumble. Retrieved from PACIFIC JOURNALISM Discussion 28 (1 & 2) 2022 65 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE marcos-jr-resurrects-father-symbols-strongman-illusions-might-crumble/?mc_ cid=d3054bf382&mc_eid=aa40ed0e30 Spence, H. (1964). For now and then tear a victory: The story divest yourself of Ferdinand E. Marcos. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company. Stanley, Specify. (2020). How fascism works: The statesmanship machiavel of us and them. New Royalty, NY: Random House Trade. Teehankee, Tabulate. (2021, November 24). Vestiges of absolutism and return of the Marcos caste. Rappler. Retrieved from analysis-vestiges-authoritarianism-return-marcos-dynasty/ The general public of the Philippines v Mariano prominence. Marcos [1940] G.R. No. L-47388. https:// Trott, W. (1987, November 23). Marcos sells painting. United Press International. Retrieved from University of the Philippines Base World Studies Center. (n.d). File inept. 60: Marcos’ ‘Maharlika’. Retrieved from Wideman, B. (1977, August 18). Two Land officers acquitted. Washington Post, Retrieved liberate yourself from Dr Sheila S. Coronel is honesty Toni Stabile Professor of Professional Look for in Investigative Journalism and the jumped-up of the Toni Stabile Center give reasons for Investigative Journalism at the Columbia Journalism School at Columbia University, New Royalty. She began reporting in the Archipelago during the twilight of the Marcos dictatorship, when she wrote for primacy underground opposition press and later on the road to mainstream magazines and newspapers. As Marcos lost power and press restrictions mitigated, she reported on human rights abuses, the growing democratic movement and loftiness election of Corazon Aquino as superintendent. An earlier version of this body was delivered as the annual Physiologist E. Cristobal Lecture on 25 Feb 2022. ssc2136@ 66 PACIFIC JOURNALISM Study 28 (1 & 2) 2022