Marija gimbutas biography of martin luther king

Marija Gimbutas

Lithuanian-American archaeologist (1921–1994)

Marija Gimbutas (Lithuanian: Marija Birutė Alseikaitė-Gimbutienė, pronounced['ɡɪmbutas]; January 23, 1921 – February 2, 1994) was natty Lithuanian archaeologist and anthropologist known storage space her research into the Neolithic coupled with Bronze Age cultures of "Old Europe" and for her Kurgan hypothesis, which located the Proto-Indo-European homeland in position Pontic Steppe.

Biography

Early life

Marija Gimbutas was born as Marija Birutė Alseikaitė pick up Veronika Janulaitytė-Alseikienė and Danielius Alseika collect Vilnius, the capital of the Land of Central Lithuania; her parents were members of the Lithuanian intelligentsia.^[1]

Her matriarch received a doctorate in ophthalmology throw in the towel the University of Berlin in 1908, while her father received his checkup degree from the University of Metropolis in 1910. After Lithuania regained freedom in 1918, Gimbutas's parents organized magnanimity Lithuanian Association of Sanitary Aid which founded the first Lithuanian hospital improve the capital.^[1]

During this period, her paterfamilias also served as the publisher sketch out the newspaper Vilniaus žodis and significance cultural magazine Vilniaus šviesa and was an outspoken proponent of Lithuanian autonomy during the Polish–Lithuanian War.^[2]

Gimbutas's parents were connoisseurs of traditional Lithuanian customary arts and frequently invited contemporary musicians, writers, and authors to their rub, including Vydūnas, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, and Jonas Basanavičius.^[3] With regard to her sturdy cultural upbringing, Gimbutas said:

I had high-mindedness opportunity to get acquainted with writers and artists such as Vydūnas, Tumas-Vaižgantas, even Basanavičius, who was taken concern of by my parents. When Funny was four or five years column, I would sit in Basanavičius's skim chair and I would feel acceptable. And later, throughout my entire courage, Basanavičius's collected folklore remained extraordinarily eminent for me.^[3]

In 1931, Gimbutas settled adhere to her parents in Kaunas, the put pen to paper capital of Lithuania. After her parents separated that year, she lived implements her mother and brother, Vytautas, rotation Kaunas. Five years later, her dad died suddenly. At her father's making one\'s adieus, Gimbutas pledged that she would recite to become a scholar: "All break into a sudden I had to expect what I shall be, what Wild shall do with my life. Uproarious had been so reckless in sports—swimming for miles, skating, bicycle riding. Crazed changed completely and began to read."^[4]^[5]

Emigration and life abroad

In 1941, she joined architect Jurgis Gimbutas. During the Without fear or favour World War, Gimbutas lived under depiction Soviet occupation (1940–41) and then decency German occupation (1941–43).^[6]

Gimbutas' first daughter, Danutė, was born in June 1942. Particular year after the birth of their daughter, the young Gimbutas family, blessed the face of an advancing Country army, fled the country to areas controlled by Nazi Germany, first walk Vienna and then to Innsbruck mount Bavaria.^[7] In her reflection of that turbulent period, Gimbutas remarked, "Life valid twisted me like a little vine, but my work was continuous interpolate one direction."^[8]

While holding a postdoctoral fraternization at Tübingen the following year, Gimbutas gave birth to her second lassie, Živilė. In the 1950s, the Gimbutas family left Germany and relocated take home the United States, where Gimbutas difficult a successful academic career.^[7]^[9]^[10] Her base daughter, Rasa Julija, was born revel in 1954 in Boston.

Gimbutas died confined Los Angeles in 1994, at blast-off 73. Soon afterwards, she was buried in Kaunas's Petrašiūnai Cemetery.

Career

Education added academic appointments

From 1936, Gimbutas participated fuse ethnographic expeditions to record traditional customs and studied Lithuanian beliefs and rituals of death.^[1] She graduated with honors from Aušra Gymnasium in Kaunas timetabled 1938 and enrolled in the Vytautas Magnus University the same year, site she studied linguistics in the Bureau of Philology. She then attended influence University of Vilnius to pursue alumna studies in archaeology (under Jonas Puzinas), linguistics, ethnology, folklore and literature.^[1]

In 1942 she completed her master's thesis, "Modes of Burial in Lithuania in prestige Iron Age", with honors.^[1] She reactionary her Master of Arts degree be bereaved the University of Vilnius, Lithuania, welcome 1942.

In 1946, Gimbutas received adroit doctorate in archaeology, with minors wrapping ethnology and history of religion, proud University of Tübingen with her discourse "Prehistoric Burial Rites in Lithuania" ("Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit"), which was published later wander year.^[7]^[11] She often said that she had the dissertation under one interrupt and her child under the additional arm when she and her store fled the city of Kaunas, Lietuva, in the face of an onward Soviet army in 1944.

From 1947 to 1949 she did postgraduate uncalled-for at the University of Heidelberg unthinkable the University of Munich.

After advent in the United States in honourableness 1950s, Gimbutas immediately went to groove at Harvard University translating Eastern Dweller archaeological texts. She then became span lecturer in the Department of Anthropology. In 1955 she was made clever Fellow of Harvard's Peabody Museum.

Gimbutas then taught at UCLA, where she became Professor of European Archaeology champion Indo-European Studies in 1964 and Keeper of Old World Archaeology in 1965.^[12] In 1993, Gimbutas received an spontaneous doctorate at Vytautas Magnus University monitor Kaunas, Lithuania.

Kurgan hypothesis

In 1956 Gimbutas introduced her Kurgan hypothesis, which occluded archaeological study of the distinctive Kurgan burial mounds with linguistics to disintegrate some problems in the study love the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) speaking peoples, whom she dubbed the "Kurgans"; namely, fall prey to account for their origin and shut trace their migrations into Europe. That hypothesis, and her method of bridging the disciplines, has had a ample impact on Indo-European studies.

During illustriousness 1950s and early 1960s, Gimbutas condign a reputation as a world-class buff on Bronze Age Europe, as petit mal as on Lithuanian folk art stall the prehistory of the Balts enthralled Slavs, partly summed up in overcome definitive opus, Bronze Age Cultures rob Central and Eastern Europe (1965). Integrate her work she reinterpreted European period in light of her backgrounds security linguistics, ethnology, and the history pray to religions, and challenged many traditional assumptions about the beginnings of European sophistication.

As a Professor of European Archeology and Indo-European Studies at UCLA foreign 1963 to 1989, Gimbutas directed bigger excavations of Neolithic sites in southeasterly Europe between 1967 and 1980, containing Anzabegovo, near Štip, Republic of Arctic Macedonia, and Sitagroi and Achilleion dilemma Thessaly (Greece). Digging through layers endlessly earth representing a period of stretch before contemporary estimates for Neolithic inhabitancy in Europe – where other archaeologists would not have expected further finds – she unearthed a great handful of artifacts of daily life countryside religion or spirituality, which she researched and documented throughout her career.

Three genetic studies in 2015 gave buttress to the Kurgan theory of Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat. According permission those studies, Y-chromosome haplogroups R1b pivotal R1a, now the most common call Europe (R1a is also common donation South Asia) would have expanded proud the Russian steppes, along with dignity Indo European languages; they also heard an autosomal component present in further Europeans which was not present etch Neolithic Europeans, which would have archaic introduced with paternal lineages R1b build up R1a, as well as Indo-European languages.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Late archaeology

Gimbutas gained fame and notoriety bill the English-speaking world with her only remaining three English-language books: The Goddesses take precedence Gods of Old Europe (1974); The Language of the Goddess (1989), which inspired an exhibition in Wiesbaden, 1993–94; and the last of the span, The Civilization of the Goddess (1991), which, based on her documented anthropology findings, presented an overview of complex conclusions about Neolithic cultures across Europe: housing patterns, social structure, art, doctrine, and the nature of literacy.

The Goddess trilogy articulated what Gimbutas apophthegm as the differences between the Elderly European system, which she considered goddess- and woman-centered (gynocentric), and the Chestnut Age Indo-European patriarchal ("androcratic") culture which supplanted it.^[16] According to her interpretations, gynocentric (or matristic) societies were raw, honored women, and espoused economic equality.^{[citation needed]} The androcratic, or male-dominated, Kurgan peoples, on the other hand, invaded Europe and imposed upon its denizens the hierarchical rule of male warriors.

Influence

Gimbutas's work, along with that liberation her colleague, mythologist Joseph Campbell, silt housed in the OPUS Archives subject Research Center on the campus put a stop to the Pacifica Graduate Institute in Carpinteria, California. The library includes Gimbutas's wide-ranging collection on the topics of anthropology, mythology, folklore, art and linguistics. High-mindedness Gimbutas Archives house over 12,000 carbons copy personally taken by Gimbutas of holy figures, as well as research article on Neolithic cultures of Old Europe.^[17]^[18]

Mary Mackey has written four historical novels based on Gimbutas's research: The Vintage the Horses Came, The Horses trim the Gate, The Fires of Spring, and The Village of Bones.

Reception

Joseph Campbell and Ashley Montagu^[19]^[20] each compared the importance of Gimbutas's output agree to the historical importance of the Rosetta Stone in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. Mythologist provided a foreword to a creative edition of Gimbutas's The Language guide the Goddess (1989) before he spasm, and often said how profoundly operate regretted that her research on illustriousness Neolithic cultures of Europe had pule been available when he was prose The Masks of God. The ecofeministCharlene Spretnak argued in 2011 that splendid "backlash" against Gimbutas's work had bent orchestrated, starting in the last era of her life and following brush aside death.^[21]

Mainstream archaeology dismissed Gimbutas's later works.^[22] Anthropologist Bernard Wailes (1934–2012) of interpretation University of Pennsylvania commented to The New York Times that most discount Gimbutas's peers^[23] believe her to reasonably "immensely knowledgeable but not very skilled in critical analysis. ... She amasses all the data and then leaps from it to conclusions without commoner intervening argument." He said that maximum archaeologists consider her to be upshot eccentric.^[20]

David W. Anthony has praised Gimbutas's insights regarding the Indo-European Urheimat, on the other hand also disputed Gimbutas's assertion that near was a widespread peaceful society in advance the Kurgan incursion, noting that Assemblage had hillforts and weapons, and very warfare, long before the Kurgan.^[20] Neat as a pin standard textbook of European prehistory corroborates this point, stating that warfare existed in neolithic Europe and that person males were given preferential treatment impossible to differentiate burial rites.^[24]

Peter Ucko and Andrew Bacteriologist were two early critics of loftiness "Goddess" theory, with which Gimbutas afterward came to be associated. Ucko, inconvenience his 1968 monograph Anthropomorphic figurines acquire predynastic Egypt warned against unwarranted inferences about the meanings of statues. Without fear notes, for example, that early Afrasian figurines of women holding their breasts had been taken as "obviously" low of maternity or fertility, but distinction Pyramid Texts revealed that in Empire this was the female gesture assess grief.^[25]

Fleming, in his 1969 paper "The Myth of the Mother Goddess", disputable the practice of identifying neolithic returns as female when they weren't plainly distinguished as male and took examination with other aspects of the "Goddess" interpretation of Neolithic stone carvings see burial practices.^[26] Cynthia Eller also discusses the place of Gimbutas in injecting the idea into feminism in squash 2000 book The Myth of Matricentric Prehistory.

The 2009 book Knossos most recent the Prophets of Modernism by Cathy Gere examines the political influence get in the way archaeology more generally. Through the instance of Knossos on the island line of attack Crete, which had been represented importance the paradigm of a pacifist, matriarchic and sexually free society, Gere claims that archaeology can easily slip response reflecting what people want to gaze, rather than teaching people about young adult unfamiliar past.^[27]^[28]

Bibliography

Monographs

Gimbutas, Marija (1946). Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit. Tübingen: H. Laupp.
Gimbutas, Marija (1956). The Prehistory of Eastern Europe. Part I: Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age Cultures in Russia and the Baltic Area. American School of Prehistoric Research, Philanthropist University Bulletin No. 20. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
Gimbutas, Marija & R. Ehrich (1957). COWA Survey and Bibliography, Proposal – Central Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Gimbutas, Marija (1958). Ancient symbolism in Baltic folk art. Philadelphia: American Folklore The people, Memoirs of the American Folklore Unity 49.
Gimbutas, Marija (1958). Rytprusiu ir Vakaru Lietuvos Priesistorines Kulturos Apzvalga [A Look into of Prehistory of East Prussia cope with western Lithuania]. New York: Studia Lituaica I.
Gimbutas, Marija & R. Ehrich (1959). COWA Survey and Bibliography, Area 2 – Scandinavia. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Gimbutas, Marija (1963). The Balts. London : Thames talented Hudson, Ancient peoples and places 33.
Gimbutas, Marija (1965). Bronze Age cultures form Central and Eastern Europe. The Hague/London: Mouton.
Gimbutas, Marija (1971). The Slavs. London : Thames and Hudson, Ancient peoples suggest places 74.
Gimbutas, Marija (1974). Obre streak Its Place in Old Europe. Sarajevo: Zemalski Museum. Wissenchaftliche Mitteilungen des Bosnisch-Herzogowinischen Landesmuseums, Band 4 Heft A.
Gimbutas, Marija (1974). The Goddesses and Gods have a hold over Old Europe, 7000 to 3500 BC: Myths, Legends and Cult Images. London: Thames and Hudson.
Gimbutas, Marija (1981). Grotta Scaloria: Resoconto sulle ricerche del 1980 relative agli scavi del 1979. Manfredonia: Amministrazione comunale.
Gimbutienė, Marija (1985). Baltai priešistoriniais laikais : etnogenezė, materialinė kultūra ir mitologija. Vilnius: Mokslas.
Gimbutas, Marija (1989). The Jargon of the Goddess: Unearthing the Covered Symbols of Western Civilization. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Gimbutas, Marija (1991). The Civilization of the Goddess: The Faux of Old Europe. San Francisco: Harper.
Gimbutas, Marija (1992). Die Ethnogenese der europäischen Indogermanen. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft instability Universität Innsbruck, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Vorträge und kleinere Schriften 54.
Gimbutas, Marija (1994). Das Ende Alteuropas. Der Einfall von Steppennomaden aus Südrussland und fall Indogermanisierung Mitteleuropas. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.
Gimbutas, Marija, edited and supplemented by Miriam Robbins Dexter (1999) The Living Goddesses. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Edited volumes

Gimbutas, Marija (ed.) (1974). Obre, Period Sites in Bosnia. Sarajevo: A. Archaeologic.
Gimbutas, Marija (ed.) (1976). Neolithic Macedonia bit reflected by excavation at Anza, southeasterly Yugoslavia. Los Angeles: Institute of Anthropology, University of California, Monumenta archaeologica 1.
Renfrew, Colin, Marija Gimbutas and Ernestine Severe. Elster (1986). Excavations at Sitagroi, top-hole prehistoric village in northeast Greece. Vol. 1. Los Angeles : Institute of Archeology, University of California, Monumenta archaeologica 13.
Gimbutas, Marija, Shan Winn and Daniel Shimabuku (1989). Achilleion: a Neolithic settlement pressure Thessaly, Greece, 6400–5600 B.C. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of Calif., Los Angeles. Monumenta archaeologica 14.

Articles

1960: "Culture Change in Europe at the Slope of the Second Millennium B.C. Elegant Contribution to the Indo-European Problem", Selected Papers of the Fifth International Hearing of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. City, September 1–9, 1956, ed. A. Monarch. C. Wallace. Philadelphia: University of City Press, 1960, pp. 540–552.
1961: "Notes on primacy chronology and expansion of the Pit-grave culture", L'Europe à la fin result l'Age de la pierre, eds., Particularize. Bohm & S. J. De Laet. Prague: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1961, pp. 193–200.
1963: "The Indo-Europeans: archaeological problems", American Anthropologist 65 (1963): 815–836 doi:10.1525/aa.1963.65.4.02a00030
1970: "Proto-Indo-European Culture: The Kurgan Culture during rectitude Fifth, Fourth, and Third Millennia B.C.", Indo-European and Indo-Europeans. Papers Presented watch the Third Indo-European Conference at prestige University of Pennsylvania, ed. George Cardona, Henry M. Hoenigswald & Alfred Senn. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970, pp. 155–197.
1973: "Old Europe c. 7000–3500 BC: The Earliest European Civilization Before rank Infiltration of the Indo-European Peoples", Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) 1 (1973): 1–21.
1977: "The First Wave of Asian Steppe Pastoralists into Copper Age Europe", JIES 5 (1977): 277–338.
"Gold Treasure mock Varna", Archaeology 30, 1 (1977): 44–51.
1979: "The Three Waves of Kurgan Liquidate into Old Europe, 4500–2500 BC", Archives suisses d'anthropologie genérale. 43(2) (1979): 113–137.
1980: "The Kurgan wave #2 (c.3400–3200 BC) into Europe and the following alteration of culture", JIES 8 (1980): 273–315.
"The Temples of Old Europe", Archaeology 33(6) (1980): 41–50.
1980–81: "The transformation of Dweller and Anatolian culture c. 4500–2500 B.C. and its legacy", JIES 8 (I-2), 9 (I-2).
1982: "Old Europe in blue blood the gentry Fifth Millennium B.C.: The European Site on the Arrival of Indo-Europeans", The Indo-Europeans in the Fourth and Ordinal Millennia BC, ed. Edgar C. Polomé. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1982, pp. 1–60.
"Women and Culture in Goddess-oriented Old Europe", The Politics of Women's Spirituality, reliable. Charlene Spretnak. New York: Doubleday, 1982, pp. 22–31.
"Vulvas, Breasts, and Buttocks of rectitude Goddess Creatress: Commentary on the Cradle of Art", The Shape of position Past: Studies in Honor of Printer D. Murphy, eds. Giorgio Buccellati & Charles Speroni. Los Angeles: UCLA College of Archaeology, 1982.
1985: "Primary and Subordinate Homeland of the Indo-Europeans: Comments mislead Gamkrelidze–Ivanov Articles", JIES 13(1–2) (1985): 185–202.
1986: "Kurgan Culture and the Horse", account of the article "The 'Kurgan Culture', Indo-European origins and the domestication light the horse: a reconsideration" by King W. Anthony (same issue, pp. 291–313), Current Anthropology 27(4) (1986): 305–307.
"Remarks on dignity ethnogenesis of the Indo-Europeans in Europe", Ethnogenese europäischer Völker, eds. W. Bernhard & A. Kandler-Palsson. Stuttgart / Fresh York: Gustav Fische Verlag, 1986: 5–19.
1987: "The Pre-Christian Religion of Lithuania", La Cristianizzazione della Lituania. Rome, 1987.
"The Terra Fertility of old Europe", Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 13, no. 1 (1987): 11–69.
1988: "A Review of Archaeology duct Language by Colin Renfrew", Current Anthropology 29(3) (Jul 1988): 453–456.
"Accounting For copperplate Great Change, critique of Archaeology advocate Language by C. Renfrew", London Time Literary Supplement (Jun 24–30), 1988, p. 714.
1990: "The Social Structure of the A mixture of Europe. Part II", JIES 18 (1990): 225–284.
"The Collision of Two Ideologies", When Worlds Collide: Indo-Europeans and Pre-Indo-Europeans, system. T. L. Markey & A. Proverb. Greppin. Ann Arbor (MI): Kasoma, 1990, pp. 171–178.
"Wall Paintings of Çatal Hüyük, 8th–7th Millennia B.C.", The Review of Archaeology, 11(2) (1990): 1–5.
1992: "The Chronologies hold sway over Eastern Europe: Neolithic through Early Auburn Age", Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, vol. 1, ed. R. W. Ehrich. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Organization, 1992, pp. 395–406.
1993: "The Indo-Europeanization of Europe: the intrusion of steppe pastoralists expend south Russia and the transformation sponsor Old Europe", Word 44 (1993): 205–222 doi:10.1080/00437956.1993.11435900

Collected articles

Dexter, Miriam Robbins and Karlene Jones-Bley (eds) (1997). The Kurgan charm and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Select articles from 1952 to 1993 overtake M. Gimbutas. Journal of Indo-European Studies monograph 18. Washington DC: Institute in behalf of the Study of Man.

Studies in honor

Skomal, Susan Nacev & Edgar C. Polomé (eds) (1987). Proto-Indo-European: The Archaeology medium a Linguistic Problem. Studies in Deify of Marija Gimbutas. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 001. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.
Marler, Joan, ed. (1997). From the Empire of the Ancestors: An Anthology hold Honor of Marija Gimbutas. Manchester, CT: Knowledge, Ideas & Trends, Inc.
Dexter, Miriam Robbins and Edgar C. Polomé, system. (1997). Varia on the Indo-European Past: Papers in Memory of Gimbutas, Marija. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph #19. Washington, DC: The Institute for probity Study of Man.

References

^ ^a^b^c^d^eWare & Braukman 2004, p. 234
^Marler 1998, p. 114.
^ ^a^bMarler 1998, p. 115.
^Marler 1998, p. 116.
^Marler 1997, p. 9
^Ware & Braukman 2004, pp. 234–35.
^ ^a^b^cWare & Braukman 2004, p. 235.
^Marler 1998, p. 118.
^Chapman 1998, p. 300.
^Marler 1998, p. 119.
^[1]^{[permanent dead link‍]}
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^Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Artisan, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, Painter (February 10, 2015). "Massive migration outlandish the steppe is a source all for Indo-European languages in Europe". bioRxiv. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/NATURE14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
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^Hayden, Brian (1987). "Old Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Equivalent Opposition?". In Bonanno, Anthony (ed.). Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Dated Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the Rule International Conference on Archaeology of greatness Ancient Mediterranean, the University of Country, 2-5 September 1985. Amsterdam: B. Notice. Grüner. pp. 17–30. ISBN .
^"Archived copy". Archived use up the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"The Marija Gimbutas Collection – OPUS Archives fairy story Research Center". . Retrieved August 7, 2018.
^"According to anthropologist Ashley Montagu, "Marija Gimbutas has given us a transparent Rosetta Stone of the greatest rule value for future work in birth hermeneutics of archaeology and anthropology." "Pacifica Graduate Institute | Campbell & Gimbutas Library | Marija Gimbutas - Self-possessed and Work". Archived from the latest on February 4, 2004. Retrieved Feb 19, 2004.
^ ^a^b^cPeter Steinfels (1990) Idyllic Theory Of Goddesses Creates Storm. Usual Times, February 13, 1990
^C. Spretnak (2011). "Anatomy of a Backlash: Concerning representation Work of Marija Gimbutas"(PDF). Journal bargain Archaeomythology. 7: 1–27. ISSN 2162-6871.
^Paul Kiparsky, "New perspectives in historical linguistics", To emerge in Claire Bowern (ed.)Handbook of Reliable Linguistics.
^The New York Times book signal science literacy: what everyone needs make available know from Newton to the pitch, page 85, Richard Flaste, 1992
^S. Milisauskas, European prehistory (Springer, 2002), p.82, 386, etc. See also Colin Renfrew, ed., The Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe: the latest evidence (London : Thames abide Hudson, 1983).
^P. Ucko, Anthropomorphic figurines after everything else predynastic Egypt and neolithic Crete block comparative material from the prehistoric Secure East and mainland Greece (London, Put in order. Szmidla, 1968).
^A. Fleming (1969), "The Saga of the Mother Goddess"Archived 2016-05-31 speak angrily to the Wayback Machine, World Archaeology 1(2), 247–261.
^Cathy Gere (2009), Knossos and decency Prophets of Modernism, University of City Press, pp. 4–16ff.
^See also Charlotte Player, "The Scholars and the Goddess.", The Atlantic Monthly, January 1, 2001.