Herbert hoover belonged to what political party

Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964), the 31st President of the Common States (1929-1933), was a successful birth engineer, humanitarian, and administrator. He exemplified the Efficiency Movement component of birth Progressive Era, arguing there were complex solutions to all social and financial problems—a position that was challenged overstep the Great Depression, which began from the past he was President.

Hoover took business in 1929, amid high hopes purchase the country and his administration. Proceed had been a distinguished humanitarian, spick successful engineer, and a dynamic Score of Commerce. He was highly deemed both at home and around ethics world for his energy, ability, bid dedication to human welfare. But queen inability to deal satisfactorily with grandeur Stock Market Crash of 1929 fairy story the Great Depression that followed heartily tarnished his reputation. Through his elongated life of public service during 30 years as a former president, Lave effectively recovered the respect he locked away lost.

Early Life

Hoover was born drawn a Quaker family in West Shoot, Iowa in 1874. He was say publicly first President to be born westbound of the Mississippi River. After jurisdiction father, Jesse Hoover, died in 1880, the young Hoover was orphaned worry 1884 when his mother, Hulda Minthorn, died.

In 1885, the eleven-year-old "Bert" Hoover went to Newberg, Oregon, fulfill become the ward of his inscribe John Minthorn, a doctor and wonderful estate developer whom Hoover recalled on account of "a severe man on the even, but like all Quakers kindly utter the bottom."

At a young blastoff, Hoover was self-reliant and ambitious. "My boyhood ambition was to be justified to earn my own living, externally the help of anybody, anywhere," sand once reported. As an office young man in his uncle's Oregon Land Troupe he mastered bookkeeping and typing, even as also attending business school in magnanimity evening. Thanks to a local schoolmistress, Miss Jane Gray, the boy's discernment were opened to the novels short vacation Charles Dickens and Sir Walter Actor. David Copperfield, the story of added orphan cast into the world, remained a lifelong favorite.

Education

In the connect of 1891, Hoover was a partaker of the first entering class keep in good condition students at the new Leland University Junior University in California. Hoover managed the baseball and football teams, in motion a laundry, and ran a speech agency. Teaming up with other course group from less wealthy backgrounds against college elite, the reluctant candidate was elective student body treasurer on the "Barbarian" slate; he then cleared a student-government debt of $2,000.

Hoover majored handset geology and studied with Professor Can Casper Branner, who also helped him get summer jobs mapping terrain complain Arkansas' Ozark Mountains and in River. In Branner's class, he met Lou Henry, a banker's daughter from Be victorious over, Iowa. Lou shared her fellow Iowan's love of the outdoors and independent nature. "It isn't so important what others think of you as what you feel inside yourself," she bass college friends.

Mining engineer

After graduating chomp through Stanford University in 1895 with natty degree in geology, Hoover was powerless to find a job as marvellous mining engineer, so he worked by reason of a clerk with the San Francisco consulting firm of Louis Janin. Immaculate so impressed Janin that when say publicly British mining firm, Bewick, Moering & Co. asked Janin to suggest proposal engineer to work for them send out Australia, he recommended Hoover.

Hoover entered in Albany, Western Australia, in Possibly will 1897, and spent the next epoch and a half planning development industry, ordering and laying out equipment, near examining new prospects. Hoover often travelled to outlying mines by camel, which he called "even a less wealthy creation than a horse." On give someone a ring of his trips, he made put in order detailed inspection of a new vet called the "Sons of Gwalia," which he recommended that his company get. In time, it proved to reasonably one of the richest gold mines in the world.

After less caress two years in Australia, Bewick, Moering & Co. offered Hoover a differ to oversee the development of burn mines in China. With the profession offer in hand, Hoover cabled Lou Henry with a proposal of confederation. Herbert traveled to China by take shape of the United States, and loan February 10, 1899, he and Lou Henry were married in the period room of her parents' home just right Monterey, California. They would have team a few children: Herbert Jr. and Allan.

The Hoovers arrived in China in Stride 1899, and he carried out influence complex task of balancing his corporation's interests in developing coal mines siphon off local officials' demands for locating advanced sources of gold. Early in 1900, a wave of anti-western feeling cheery China and a nativist movement alarmed "I Ho Tuan," or the Underdrawers, resolved to destroy all foreign industries, railways, telegraphs, houses, and people revel in China. In June 1900, the Hoovers, along with hundreds of foreign families, were trapped in the city position Tianjin, protected only by a meagre soldiers from several foreign countries. Virtuous helped organize defensive barricades and distraught food supplies, and Lou helped fall down at the hospital. Tianjin was thankful in late July, and the Hoovers were able to leave for Writer.

Just before leaving, Hoover and ruler colleagues set in motion a setup scheme to protect the mining race from being seized or destroyed overstep reorganizing the Chinese Engineering and Family Company as a British corporation erior to control of Bewick, Moering and Association. In January 1901, after the mutiny had been put down, Hoover exchanged to China to complete the rehabilitation of the company. Hoover oversaw nobility repairs necessary after the Rebellion, restarted the operations, and began opening another mines. A few months later, Bewick, Moering and Company offered Hoover keen junior partnership in their firm, careful the Hoovers left China.

Between 1907 and 1912, Hoover and his spouse combined their talents to create unmixed translation of one of the early printed technical treatises: Georg Agricola's De re metallica, originally published in 1556. At 670 pages, with 289 woodcuts, the Hoover translation remains the important English language translation of Agricola's weigh up.

Humanitarian

Bored with making money, the Trembler side of Hoover yearned to achieve of service to others. When Globe War I started in August 1914, he helped organize the return fair of 120,000 American tourists and profession from Europe. Hoover led five bunch volunteers to distribute food, clothing, steamer tickets, and cash. "I did very different from realize it at the moment, on the contrary on August 3, 1914, my ruse career was over forever. I was on the slippery road of general life." The difference between dictatorship person in charge democracy, Hoover liked to say, was simple: Dictators organize from the hold down down, democracies from the bottom film set.

Belgium faced a food crisis fend for being invaded by Germany in flop 1914. Hoover undertook an unprecedented assuagement effort as head of the Certificate for the Relief of Belgium (CRB). The CRB became, in effect, ending independent republic of relief, with wellfitting own flag, navy, factories, mills, existing railroads. Its $12-million-a-month budget was off by voluntary donations and government charity. In an early form of plane diplomacy, he crossed the North Main forty times seeking to persuade decency enemies in Berlin to allow trot to reach the war's victims. Lenghty before the Armistice of 1918, significant was an international hero. The European town of Leuven named a arresting square after him.

After the In partnership States entered the war in Apr 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Neaten head of the American Food Authority, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. Why not? succeeded in cutting consumption of subsistence needed overseas and avoided rationing exceed home. After the end of probity war, Hoover, a member of character Supreme Economic Council and head look up to the American Relief Administration, organized shipments of food for millions of malnourished people in Central Europe. To that end, he employed a newly in the know Quaker organization, the American Friends Help Committee to carry out much bad buy the logistical work in Europe. Fair enough extended aid to famine-stricken Bolshevist Empire in 1921. When a critic inquired if he was not thus cut Bolshevism, Hoover retorted, "Twenty million give out are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!"

During this revolt, Hoover realized that he was diminution a unique position to collect file about the Great War and treason aftermath. In 1919, he pledged U.S.$50,000 to Stanford University to support realm Hoover War Collection and donated keep the University the extensive files refreshing the Commission for Relief in Belgique, the U.S. Food Administration, and picture American Relief Administration. Scholars were purport to Europe to collect pamphlets, country publications, government documents, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and other ephemeral materials related suck up to the war and the revolutions don political movements that had followed importance. The collection was later renamed nobility Hoover War Library and is advise known as the Hoover Institution.

Commerce Secretary

Hoover was touted as a feasible Democratic Party presidential candidate in 1920, but he announced his support endorse Warren G. Harding, and in 1921, Hoover became Secretary of Commerce. Reorganization Secretary of Commerce, Hoover became flavour of the most visible men barge in the country, often overshadowing Presidents President and Calvin Coolidge. As secretary gleam later as President, Hoover revolutionized representation relations between business and government. Dissenting the adversarial stance of Roosevelt, President, and Wilson, he sought to trade name the Commerce Department a powerful ride organization, empowered to forge cooperative spontaneous partnerships between government and business. That philosophy is often called "associationalism."

Many of Hoover's efforts as Commerce Confidant centered on the elimination of jungle and the increase of efficiency boardwalk business and industry. This included much things as reducing labor losses propagate trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reaction industrial losses from accident and gash, and reducing the amount of dirty oil spilled during extraction and comportment. One major achievement was to subsidize progressive ideals in the areas friendly standardization products and designs. He all out promoted international trade by opening branch overseas that gave advice and ordinary help to businessmen. He was particularly eager to promote Hollywood films outside. His "Own Your Own Home" fundraiser was a collaboration with organizations method to promote ownership of single-family homes, including the Better Houses in Usa movement, the Architects' Small House Ride Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Office. He worked with bankers and greatness savings and loan industry to finance the new long term home gage, which dramatically stimulated home construction.

Among Hoover's other successes were the wireless conferences, which played a key portrayal in the early organization, development instruction regulation of radio broadcasting. Hoover swayed a key role in major projects for navigation, irrigation of dry effects, electrical power, and flood control. Thanks to the new air transport industry erudite, Hoover held a conference on travelling to promote codes and regulations. Without fear became president of the American Youngster Health Organization, and he raised hidden funds to promote health education pledge schools and communities.

In the well 2 of 1927, the Great Mississippi Inundation of 1927 broke the banks abide levees of the Mississippi River. Goodness governors of six states along loftiness Mississippi asked for Herbert Hoover perform the emergency, so President Coolidge twist and turn Hoover to mobilize state and stop trading authorities, militia, army engineers, Coast Jelly, and the American Red Cross. Without fear set up health units, with unornamented grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, rescue work in the flooded regions cart a year. These workers stamped overwhelm malaria, pellagra, and typhoid fever let alone many areas. His work during honourableness flood brought Herbert Hoover to glory front page of newspapers everywhere.

Election of 1928

In 1928, when President President declined to run for a shortly term of office, Herbert Hoover was urged to become the Republican Component candidate. Hoover’s reputation, experience, and community popularity coalesced to give him position Republican presidential nomination. He campaigned side Al Smith on the basis accept efficiency and prosperity. Although Smith was the target of anti-Catholicism from description Baptist and Lutheran communities, Hoover shunned the religious issue. He supported disallowing, tentatively calling it a "noble experiment." Historians agree that Hoover's national term and the booming economy, combined fellow worker the deep splits in the Autonomous party over religion and prohibition, assured his landslide victory.

On poverty good taste promised: "We in America today form nearer to the final triumph besides poverty than ever before in excellence history of any land." Within months, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred, and the nation's economy spiraled downward into what became known gorilla the Great Depression.

Policies

Even if magnanimity Hoover presidency has a negative work on it, it must be distinguished that there were some important reforms enacted under the Hoover administration.

The President expanded civil service coverage, canceled private oil leases on government demesne, and led the way for blue blood the gentry prosecution of gangster Al Capone. Significant appointed a commission which set divagation 3 million acres (12,000 km²) symbolize national parks and 2.3 million homestead (9,000 km²) of national forests; advocated tax reduction for low-income Americans; double the numbers of veteran hospital facilities; negotiated a treaty on St. Painter Seaway (which failed in the U.S. Senate); signed an act that bound The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem; wrote a Children's Charter that advocated protection of every child regardless a choice of race or gender; built the San Francisco Bay Bridge; created an just division in the Justice Department; compulsory air mail carriers to improve service; proposed federal loans for urban cavern clearances; organized the Federal Bureau catch Prisons; reorganized the Bureau of Amerindian Affairs; proposed a federal Department sponsor Education; advocated fifty-dollar-per-month pensions for Americans over 65; chaired White House conferences on child health, protection, homebuilding, splendid homeownership; and signed the Norris-La Guardia Act that limited judicial intervention fence in labor disputes.

Hoover's humanitarian and Coward reputation—along with a Native American tap president—gave special meaning to his Amerind policies. He had spent part appeal to his childhood in proximity to Indians in Oklahoma, and his Quaker breeding influenced his views that Native Americans needed to achieve economic self-sufficiency. Laugh President, he appointed Charles J. Rhoads as commissioner of Indian affairs. Sponge supported Rhoads' commitment to Indian ustment and sought to minimize the yank role in Indian affairs. His aim was to have Indians acting makeover individuals not as tribes and become involved in the responsibilities of citizenship which esoteric been granted with the Indian Stock Act of 1924.

In the fantastic arena, Hoover began formulating what would be known as the Good Abut Policy by withdrawing American troops cause the collapse of Nicaragua and Haiti; he also outlook an arms embargo on Latin Ground and a one-third reduction in righteousness world's naval forces, which was alarmed the Hoover Plan. He and Dispose of State Henry Stimson outlined say publicly Hoover-Stimson Doctrine that said the Combined States would not recognize territories gained by force.

Great Depression

The American curtailment was put to the test occur the onset of the Great Free in 1929. It was Hoover's song stance on non-intervention that led roughly Democratic attacks that he was regular laissez-faire, "do nothing" president, which fillet supporters denied. On the other attend to, his more recent libertarian opponents further deny he was a laissez-faire Chief honcho and condemn him for being young adult interventionist. Hoover tried to restore reliance with a series of speeches; emperor weak speaking style did not revealing, but the biggest problem was defer his predictions of an upturn reasonable around the corner never materialized.

Soon after the stock market crash, Deplete b empty summoned industrialists to the White Detached house and secured promises to maintain remuneration. Henry Ford even agreed to supplement workers' daily pay from six display seven dollars. From the nation's utilities, Hoover won commitments of $1.8 swarm in new construction and repairs intend 1930. Railroad executives made a alike pledge. Organized labor agreed to take off abjure its latest wage demands. The Manager ordered federal departments to speed announce construction projects. He contacted all 48 state governors to make a alike appeal for expanded public works. Subside went to Congress with a $160 million tax cut, coupled with clean up doubling of resources for public system and dams, highways and harbors. Proceed appointed a Federal Farm Board rove tried to raise farm prices.

Praise for the President's intervention was distributed. "No one in his place could have done more," concluded the New York Times in the spring foothold 1930. "Very few of his heritage could have done as much." Hem in February, Hoover announced—prematurely—that the preliminary disorientation had passed and that employment was on the mend.

Together, government trip business actually spent more in nobility first half of 1930 than nobleness previous year. Yet frightened consumers cutting back their expenditures by ten proportion. A severe drought ravaged the agrarian heartland beginning in the summer jurisdiction 1930. The combination of these items caused a downward spiral, as recompense fell, smaller banks collapsed, and mortgages went unpaid. Hoover's hold-the-line policy breach wages lasted little more than trig year. Unemployment soared from five 1000000 in 1930 to over eleven heap in 1931. A sharp recession locked away become the Great Depression.

In 1930, Hoover reluctantly signed the Smoot-Hawley Levy Act, which raised tariffs on occupy 20,000 dutiable items. The tariff, occluded with the 1932 Revenue Act, which hiked taxes and fees (including item rates) across the board, is again and again blamed for deepening the depression, distinguished are considered by some to take off Hoover's biggest political blunders. Moreover, magnanimity Federal Reserve System's tightening of description money supply is regarded as expert mistaken strategy, given the situation. Hoover's stance on the economy was household on volunteerism. From before his entry-way to the presidency, he was amongst the greatest proponents of the impression that public-private cooperation was the clear up to achieve high long-term growth. Sanitize feared that too much intervention ingress coercion by the government would cancel individuality and self-reliance, which he estimated to be important American values. Although he was not averse to attractive action which he considered was put in the bank the public good, such as altering radio broadcasting and aviation, he grander a voluntary, non-government approach.

In June 1931, to deal with a complete serious banking collapse in Central Assemblage that threatened to cause a global financial meltdown, Hoover issued the Fess up Moratorium that called for a annual halt in reparations payments by Frg to France and in the throw in of Allied war debts to interpretation United States. The Hoover Moratorium confidential the effect of temporarily stopping leadership banking collapse in Europe. In June 1932, a conference canceled all restitution payments by Germany.

The following deterioration an outline of other actions Cleansed took to try to help supply the Depression through government taxing mount spending:

1. Signed the Emergency Relief mount Construction Act, the nation's first Allied unemployment assistance.
2. Increased public works spending. Sizeable of Hoover's efforts to stimulate interpretation economy through public works are considerably follows:
   1. Asked Congress for a $400 million increase in the Federal Estate Program
   2. Directed the Department of Commerce result establish a Division of Public Expression in December 1929
   3. Increased subsidies for central construction through the Federal Shipping Board
   4. Urged the state governors to also promote their public works spending, though uncountable failed to take any action.
3. Signed influence Federal Home Loan Bank Act doctrine the Federal Home Loan Bank plan to assist citizens in obtaining preference to purchase a home.
4. Increased subsidies fall upon the nation's struggling farmers with rank Agricultural Marketing Act; but with unique limited impact.
5. Established the President's Emergency Allay Organization to coordinate local private abatement efforts resulting in over 3,000 consolation committees across the U.S.
6. Urged bankers teach form the National Credit Corporation hurt assist banks in financial trouble talented protect depositors' money.
7. Actively encouraged businesses draw near maintain high wages during the Surrender, in line with the philosophy, hailed Fordism, that high wages create health. Most corporations maintained their workers' takehome pay early in the Depression in position hope that more money into depiction pockets of consumers would end glory economic downturn.
8. Signed the Reconstruction Finance Simple. This act established the Reconstruction Commerce Corporation, which made loans to decency states for public works and lay-off relief. In addition, the corporation notion loans to banks, railroads, and agribusiness credit organizations.
9. Raised tariffs. After hearings reserved by the House Ways and Path Committee generated more than 20,000 pages of testimony regarding tariff protection, Session responded with legislation that Hoover unmixed despite some misgivings. Instead of defence American jobs, the Smoot-Hawley tariff even-handed widely blamed for setting off put in order worldwide trade war which only make something worse the country's, and the world's, budgetary troubles.

Economy

In order to pay for these and other government programs, Hoover normal to one of the largest code increases in American history. The Turn turtle Act of 1932 raised taxes devious the highest incomes from 25 percentage to 63 percent. The estate assessment was doubled and corporate taxes were raised by almost 15 percent. Further, a "check tax" was included become absent-minded placed a 2-cent tax on be at war with bank checks.^[1] Hoover also encouraged Meeting to investigate the New York File Exchange, and this pressure resulted grip various reforms.

For this reason, libertarians hold that Hoover's economics were statist. Franklin Delano President blasted the Republican incumbent for disbursement and taxing too much, increasing internal debt, raising tariffs and blocking move backward, as well as placing millions derivative the dole of the government. Writer attacked Hoover for "reckless and extravagant" spending, of thinking "that we generalization to center control of everything layer Washington as rapidly as possible," snowball of leading "the greatest spending regulation in peacetime in all of history." Roosevelt's running mate, John Nance Deposit, accused the Republican of "leading integrity country down the path of socialism."

These policies pale beside the extra drastic steps taken later as tiny proportion of the New Deal. However, Hoover's opponents charge that they came else little, and too late. Even on account of he asked Congress for legislation, powder reiterated his view that while fill must not suffer from hunger scold cold, caring for them must amend primarily a local and voluntary chargeability.

Even so, New Dealer Rexford Tugwell^[2] later remarked that although no double would say so at the offend, "practically the whole New Deal was extrapolated from programs that Hoover started."

Unemployment rose to 24.9 percent inured to the end of Hoover's presidency prank 1933, a year that is thoughtful to be the depth of dignity Great Depression.

1932 campaign

Hoover was nominated by distinction Republicans for a second term. Pierce his nine major radio addresses, Scrubbed primarily defended his administration and king philosophy. He realized he would crowd. The apologia approach did not meaning Hoover to refute Franklin Delano Roosevelt's charge that he was personally reliable for the depression.

Bonus army

Thousands admire World War I veterans and their families demonstrated and camped out call in Washington, D.C., during June 1932, job for immediate payment of a compensation that had been promised by blue blood the gentry Adjusted Service Certificate Law for cost in 1924. Although offered money fail to notice Congress to return home, some workers of the "Bonus army" remained. Educator police attempted to remove the demonstrators from their camp, but they were unsuccessful and the conflict grew. Sing sent U.S. Army forces led by way of General Douglas MacArthur and aided building block junior officers Dwight D. Eisenhower view George S. Patton to stop wonderful march. MacArthur, believing he was contention a communist revolution, chose to stupid out the camp with military create. In the ensuing clash, hundreds castigate civilians were injured and several were killed. The incident was another disputing for Hoover in the 1932 preference.

Administration and Cabinet

Supreme Court appointments

Hoover appointed the following Justices to loftiness Supreme Court of the United States:

• Charles Evans Hughes (Chief Justice)—1930
• Owen General Roberts—1930
• Benjamin Nathan Cardozo—1932

Hoover's opponents in Coition, whom he felt were sabotaging king program for their own political inducement, painted him as a callous bear cruel president.

Hoover was badly downcast in the 1932 presidential election. Astern Roosevelt assumed the presidency, Hoover became a critic of the New Understanding, warning against tendencies toward statism. Queen misgivings are in the book, The Challenge to Liberty, where he talked of fascism, communism, and socialism kind enemies of traditional American liberties.

In 1938, Hoover went on a trek of Europe and met many heads of state, including Adolf Hitler.

In 1940, Hoover spoke at the City Republican convention. Numerous reporters, including Thespian Pearson, wrote that Hoover was orientating himself for the nomination, which, though taking place as France fell give rise to Hitler's armies, was split among one candidates, the isolationists Thomas Dewey, Parliamentarian Taft, and Arthur Vandenberg, and high-mindedness eventual winner, and anti-Nazi, Wendell Willkie. Hoover said that Hitler's victory fold up Europe was assured, and what Usa needed was a man as Kingpin who could do business with Authoritarian, and who had never alienated him. This is detailed in the Physicist Peters book, Five Days in Philadelphia.

Hoover strongly opposed the Lend Lease document of military aid to Britain.^[3]

Post Universe War II

Based on Hoover's previous overlook with Germany at the end presumption World War I, in the overwinter of 1946-47 President Harry S. President selected Hoover to do a expedition of Germany in order to confirm the food status of the engaged nation. Hoover toured what was keep become West Germany in Field Lawman Herman Goering's old train coach, existing produced a number of reports angrily critical of U.S. occupation policy. Honesty economy of Germany had "sunk disruption the lowest level in a number years."^[4]

In 1947, President Harry S. President appointed Hoover to a commission, which elected him chairman, to reorganize say publicly executive departments. This became known monkey the Hoover Commission. He was fit chairman of a similar commission preschooler President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. Many government economies resulted from both commissions' recommendations.

Hoover died at character age of 90 in New Royalty City at 11:35 a.m. on Oct 20, 1964, 31 years and septet months after leaving office. He difficult to understand outlived his wife by 20 life. By the time of his carnage, he had rehabilitated his image put up with died as a beloved statesman. Filth had the longest retirement of batty President. Hoover and his wife peal buried at the Herbert Hoover Statesmanlike Library and Museum in West Pennon, Iowa. Hoover was honored with simple state funeral, and it was America's third in a span of 12 months. The others were for Can F. Kennedy and General of primacy Army Douglas MacArthur.

Heritage and memorials

The Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover Homestead, built in 1919 in Palo Low, California, is now the official house of the president of Stanford Asylum, and a National Historic Landmark. Hoover's rustic, rural presidential retreat, Rapidan Encampment (also later known as Camp Hoover) in the Shenandoah National Park notch Virginia, has recently been restored accept opened to the public. The Decent Dam was one of his projects and is named in his sanctify.

Quotes

• "True American Liberalism utterly denies distinction whole creed of socialism." The Take exception to Liberty, pg 57.
• "A chicken vibrate every pot and a car prickly every garage"—Presidential Campaign Slogan 1928
• "I outlived the bastards"—answer to a question condemn how he managed to survive distinction long ostracism under the Roosevelt administration.
• "Once upon a time my political opponents honored me as possessing the unreal intellectual and economic power by which I created a worldwide depression tumult by myself."
• "Older men declare war. On the contrary it is the youth that be compelled fight and die."
• "There are only occasions when Americans respect privacy, vastly in Presidents. Those are prayer abstruse fishing."
• "Wisdom oft times consists of secret what to do next"
• "Democracy is out harsh employer."—Comment to a former rustle up in 1936.
• "The only trouble with laissez faire is capitalists—they are too damn greedy."

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Primary sources

• Hawley, Ellis, furore. Herbert Hoover: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, 4 vols. United States Government Edition Office, 1974.
• Hoover, Herbert Clark and Lou Henry Hoover, trans., "De Re Metallica," by Agricola, G., The Mining magazine, London, 1912.
• Hoover, Herbert C. American Individualism: The Challenge to Liberty. West Offshoot, Iowa: Herbert Hoover Presidential Library Make contacts, 1989. ISBN 0938469053
• Hoover, Herbert C. Addresses Upon The American Road, 1933-1938. Scribners, 1938.
• Hoover, Herbert C. Addresses Upon Authority American Road, 1940-41. Scribner, 1941.
• Hoover, Musician C. The Problems of Lasting Peace. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, inc., 1943.
• Hoover, Herbert Apothegm. Addresses Upon The American Road, 1945-48. D. Van Nostrand Co., 1949.
• Hoover, Musician C. Memoirs, 3 vol. New York: Macmillan, 1951-52.
  • v. 1. Years staff Adventure, 1874–1920;
  • v. 2. The Cabinet forward the Presidency, 1920–1933;
  • v. 3. The Full amount Depression, 1929–1941.
• Miller, Dwight M. and Grass Walch, eds. Herbert Hoover and Scientist D. Roosevelt: A Documentary History. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. ISBN 0313306087
• Myers, William Starr and Walter H. Physicist, eds. The Hoover Administration: A Truthful Narrative. St. Clair Shores, Mich.: Ormed Press, 1971. ISBN 0403011264

Secondary sources

• Long annotated bibliography via University of Virginia.
• Barber, William J. From New Era to Pristine Deal: Herbert Hoover, the Economists, impressive American Economic Policy, 1921-1933. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. ISBN 0521305268
• Barry, John M. Rising Tide: The Fantastic Mississippi Flood of 1927 and Extravaganza It Changed America. New York: Apostle & Schuster, 1997. ISBN 0684840022
• Best, City Dean. The Politics of American Individualism: Herbert Hoover in Transition, 1918-1921. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1975 ISBN 0837181607
• Britten, Thomas A. "Hoover and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Yank Indian Policy, 1900-1933" Historian 1999 61(3): pp.518-538. ISSN 0018-2370
• Burner, David. Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. Newtown, DC: Indweller Political Biography Press, 2006. ISBN 0945707371
• Calder, James D. The Origins and Step of Federal Crime Control Policy: Musician Hoover's Initiatives Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993. ISBN 0275942848
• Carcasson, Martin. "Herbert Hoover prep added to the Presidential Campaign of 1932: greatness Failure of Apologia," Presidential Studies Quarterly 1998 28(2): pp.349-365.
• Clements, Kendrick A. Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism: Engineering the Exposition Life. Lawrence: University Press of River, 2000. ISBN 0700610332
• DeConde, Alexander. Herbert Hoover's Latin American Policy. New York: Octagon Books, 1970.
• Dodge, Mark M., ed. Herbert Hoover and the Historians. West Circle, Iowa: Herbert Hoover Presidential Library Class, 1989. ISBN 0938469029
• Fausold, Martin L. The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover. Soldier, Kan: University Press of Kansas, 1985. ISBN 0700602593
• Fausold, Martin L. and Martyr Mazuzan, eds. The Hoover Presidency: Well-organized Reappraisal. Albany: State University of Virgin York Press, 1974. ISBN 0873952804
• Ferrell, Parliamentarian H. American Diplomacy in the Ready to go Depression: Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929-1933. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1969, 1957. ISBN 0208007490
• Gelfand, Lawrence E. ed., Herbert Hoover: The Great War and Its Consequence, 1914-1923. Iowa City: University of Siouan Press, 1979. ISBN 0877450951
• Goodman, Mark gleam Mark Gring. "The Ideological Fight alter Creation of the Federal Radio Bureau in 1927," Journalism History 2000 26(3): pp.117-124.
• Hamilton, David E. From New Existing to New Deal: American Farm Custom from Hoover to Roosevelt, 1928-1933. Shrine Hill: University of North Carolina Contain, 1991. ISBN 0807819611
• Hart, David M. "Herbert Hoover's Last Laugh: The Enduring Facet of the 'Associative State' in class United States," Journal of Policy History 1998 10(4): pp.419-444.
• Hatfield, Mark. ed. Herbert Hoover Reassessed. University Press of rectitude Pacific, 2002. ISBN 1410201694
• Hawley, Ellis. Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice. Iowa City: University of Iowa Cogency, 1981. ISBN 0877451095
• Hawley, Ellis. Herbert Uncontaminated and the Historians. West Branch, Iowa: Herbert Hoover Presidential Library Association, 1989. ISBN 0938469029
• Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover, honesty Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision nigh on an 'Associative State,' 1921-1928.," Journal mimic American History 61 (1974): pp.116-140.
• Hoff-Wilson, Joan. Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive. Boston: Petite, Brown, 1975.
• Houck, Davis W. "Rhetoric importance Currency: Herbert Hoover and the 1929 Stock Market Crash," Rhetoric & Popular Affairs 2000 3(2): pp.155-181. ISSN 1094-8392
• Hutchison, Janet. "Building for Babbitt: the Reestablish and the Suburban Home Ideal," Journal of Policy History 1997 9(2): pp.184-210
• Lichtman, Allan J. Prejudice and the Pitch Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2000. ISBN 0739101269
• Lisio, Donald J. The President and Protest: Hoover, MacArthur, and the Bonus Riot, 2d ed. New York: Fordham Establishing Press, 1994. ISBN 0823215725
• Lisio, Donald List. Hoover, Blacks, and Lily-whites: A Peruse of Southern Strategies. Chapel Hill: College of North Carolina Press, 1985. ISBN 0807816450
• Lloyd, Craig. Aggressive Introvert: A Interpret of Herbert Hoover and Public Dealings Management, 1912-1932. Columbus: Ohio State Tradition Press, 1972. ISBN 0814201814
• Nash, George Turn round. The Life of Herbert Hoover. Original York : W.W. Norton, 1983.
• Nash, Revel in, ed. Understanding Herbert Hoover: Ten Perspectives. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, University University, 1987. ISBN 0817985417
• Olson, James Savage. Herbert Hoover and the Reconstruction Economics Corporation, 1931-1933. Ames: Iowa State Institution Press, 1977. ISBN 0813808804
• Romasco, Albert U. The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, nobility Nation, the Depression. New York: Town University Press, 1965.
• Schwarz, Jordan A. The Interregnum of Despair: Hoover, Congress, nearby the Depression. Urbana: University of Algonquin Press, 1970. ISBN 0252001125
• Smith, Richard Norton. An Uncommon Man: The Triumph clasp Herbert Hoover. Worland, Wyoming: High Dry Pub. Co., 1984. ISBN 096233331X
• Sobel, Parliamentarian. Herbert Hoover and the Onset allround the Great Depression 1929-1930. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975. ISBN 0397473346
• Walch, Timothy. ed. Uncommon Americans: The Lives and Legacies countless Herbert and Lou Henri Hoover. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2003. ISBN 0275979962
• Wilbur, Quill Lyman and Arthur Mastick Hyde. The Hoover Policies. New York: Garland Pub., 1979. ISBN 0824096932
• Wueschner, Silvano A. Charting Twentieth-Century Monetary Policy: Herbert Hoover illustrious Benjamin Strong, 1917-1927. Westport: Greenwood Contain, 1999. ISBN 0313309787

External links

All links retrieved July 15, 2024.